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Exam 10: Experimental Designs

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Question 1

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Cause-and-effect inferences can be contaminated by the effects of the passage of time.Such contamination effects are denoted history effects.

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A key problem of time series is history: certain events or factors that have an impact on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship might unexpectedly occur while the experiment is in progress.

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Biases that might affect the internal validity of experimental designs are often reduced by enhancing the level of sophistication of the experimental design.

The manipulation of the independent variable is also known as the treatment,and the results of the treatment are called treatment effects.

Quasi-Experimental Designs expose an experimental group to a treatment and measure its effects.

There is a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.If we want high internal validity,we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and vice versa.

Manipulation of independent variables in order to unravel causal relationships is unacceptable from a scientific point of view.

An interactive testing effect occurs when the prior observation (the pretest)affects the later observation (the posttest).

External validity of lab experiments refers to the confidence we place in the cause-and-effect relationship.

Internal validity refers to the extent of generalizability of the results of a causal study to other settings.

A field study is an experiment done in the natural environment in which work goes on as usual,but treatments are given to one or more groups.

History effects (the dropout of individuals from groups)is a problem for all experimental designs.

A time series design thus allows the researcher to assess the impact of a treatment over time.

One way of controlling "nuisance" variables is to match the various groups by picking the confounding characteristics and deliberately spreading them across groups.

A Quasi-Experimental Design measures true cause-and-effect relationships.

A Quasi-Experimental Design guarantees the maximum internal and external validity,ruling out many other rival hypotheses.

Major threats to validity in a "pretest & posttest with one experimental group only" are: