Question 1

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence. When later informed that the rumor had been patently false, the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it was originally. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the representativeness heuristic.
B)   the availability heuristic.
C)   belief perseverance.
D)   framing.

Question 2

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of

Accepted Answer

A)   trial and error.
B)   heuristics.
C)   functional fixedness.
D)   insight.

Question 3

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may-without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)   critical periods.
B)   algorithms.
C)   intuition.
D)   overconfidence.

Question 4

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

Accepted Answer

A)   syntax.
B)   heuristic.
C)   algorithm.
D)   prototype.

Question 5

You are the commissioner of a state lottery system that sponsors daily and weekly drawings. Lottery tickets have not been selling well over the past few months. Describe four ways you could take advantage of people's use of the availability heuristic to boost sales. Explain why you would judge your tactics to be fair or unfair to your customers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are the commissioner of a state...

Question 6

Availability is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   mental set.
B)   belief bias.
C)   algorithm.
D)   heuristic.

Question 7

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)   belief perseverance.
B)   intuition.
C)   a fixation.
D)   framing.

Question 8

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

Accepted Answer

A)   mental sets.
B)   insights.
C)   algorithms.
D)   intuitions.

Question 9

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias.
B)   overconfidence.
C)   creativity.
D)   belief perseverance.

Question 10

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the availability heuristic.
B)   confirmation bias.
C)   framing.
D)   belief perseverance.

Question 11

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to

Accepted Answer

A)   use symbols meaningfully.
B)   acquire speech.
C)   acquire even a limited vocabulary.
D)   use syntax in communicating.

Question 12

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias.
B)   overconfidence.
C)   belief perseverance.
D)   the availability heuristic.

Question 13

Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

Accepted Answer

A)   an algorithm.
B)   a prototype.
C)   a process simulation.
D)   intuition.

Question 14

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

A)   an algorithm.
B)   trial and error.
C)   framing.
D)   a heuristic.

Question 15

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Accepted Answer

A)   algorithm
B)   heuristic
C)   cognition
D)   mental set

Question 16

People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   belief perseverance.
B)   confirmation bias.
C)   framing.
D)   the availability heuristic.

Question 17

The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   fixation.
B)   belief perseverance.
C)   overconfidence.
D)   framing.

Question 18

Heike's older brother has suffered from chronic depression for several years. Unfortunately, Heike has been incorrectly informed by her parents that there is a 40 percent chance she will also suffer from depression. Explain how the availability heuristic, framing, the confirmation bias, and belief perseverance might lead Heike to conclude that she will definitely be a victim of a severe depressive disorder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Heike's older brother has suffered from chronic...

Question 19

Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   appear credible to their customers.
B)   find it difficult to decide which stocks to purchase.
C)   avoid the dangers of belief perseverance.
D)   use algorithms to generate stock choices.

Question 20

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

Accepted Answer

A)   the availability heuristic.
B)   trial and error.
C)   belief perseverance.
D)   confirmation bias.

Exam 27: Thinking

Correct Answer
verified

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may-without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

Correct Answer
verified

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Correct Answer
verified

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Correct Answer
verified

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

Correct Answer
verified

The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

Correct Answer
verified

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

Correct Answer
verified

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

Correct Answer
verified

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to

Correct Answer
verified

Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to

Correct Answer
verified

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

Correct Answer
verified

Availability is an example of a(n)

Correct Answer
verified

People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of

Correct Answer
verified

Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

Correct Answer
verified

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

Correct Answer
verified

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 27: Thinking

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may-without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Availability is an example of a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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