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In water, the following equilibrium exists: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) In water, the following equilibrium exists: H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  + OH<sup>-</sup>(aq)    H<sub>2</sub>O(l)  In pure water at 25°C, the concentration of H+ ions is 1.00 × 10<sup>-7</sup> mol/L. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction as written above. A)  1.00 × 10<sup>14</sup> B)  1.00 × 10<sup>12</sup> C)  1.00 × 10<sup>-14</sup> D)  1.00 × 10<sup>-12</sup> E)  5.55 × 10<sup>15</sup> H2O(l) In pure water at 25°C, the concentration of H+ ions is 1.00 × 10-7 mol/L. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction as written above.


A) 1.00 × 1014
B) 1.00 × 1012
C) 1.00 × 10-14
D) 1.00 × 10-12
E) 5.55 × 1015

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At 850°C, the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction C(s) + CO2(g) At 850°C, the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction C(s)  + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2CO(g)  Has a value of 10.7. If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm, what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide? A)  0.362 atm B)  0.489 atm C)  0.667 atm D)  0.915 atm E)  0.921 atm 2CO(g) Has a value of 10.7. If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm, what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide?


A) 0.362 atm
B) 0.489 atm
C) 0.667 atm
D) 0.915 atm
E) 0.921 atm

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At high temperatures, carbon reacts with O2 to produce CO as follows: C(s) + O2(g) At high temperatures, carbon reacts with O<sub>2</sub> to produce CO as follows: C(s)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)    2CO(g) . When 0.350 mol of O<sub>2</sub> and excess carbon were placed in a 5.00-L container and heated, the equilibrium concentration of CO was found to be 0.060 M. What is the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, for this reaction? A)  0.010 B)  0.072 C)  0.090 D)  0.17 E)  1.2 2CO(g) . When 0.350 mol of O2 and excess carbon were placed in a 5.00-L container and heated, the equilibrium concentration of CO was found to be 0.060 M. What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction?


A) 0.010
B) 0.072
C) 0.090
D) 0.17
E) 1.2

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Consider the equilibrium reaction: N2O4(g) Consider the equilibrium reaction: N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)    2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)  Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and K<sub>p</sub> for the reaction? A)  K<sub>p</sub> = K<sub>c</sub> B)  K<sub>p</sub> = RT × K<sub>c</sub> C)  K<sub>p</sub> = (RT × K<sub>c</sub>) <sup>-1</sup> D)  K<sub>p</sub> = K<sub>c</sub> / RT E)  K<sub>p</sub> = RT / K<sub>c</sub> 2NO2(g) Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between Kc and Kp for the reaction?


A) Kp = Kc
B) Kp = RT × Kc
C) Kp = (RT × Kc) -1
D) Kp = Kc / RT
E) Kp = RT / Kc

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The reaction quotient, The reaction quotient,   <sub>c</sub>, for a reaction has a value of 75 while the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, has a value of 195. Which of the following statements is accurate? A)  The reaction must proceed to the left to establish equilibrium. B)  The reaction must proceed to the right to establish equilibrium. C)  The concentrations of the products will be much smaller than the concentrations of the reactants when the system is at equilibrium. D)  The concentrations of the products will be about the same as the concentrations of the reactants when the system is at equilibrium. E)  None of these choices are correct. c, for a reaction has a value of 75 while the equilibrium constant, Kc, has a value of 195. Which of the following statements is accurate?


A) The reaction must proceed to the left to establish equilibrium.
B) The reaction must proceed to the right to establish equilibrium.
C) The concentrations of the products will be much smaller than the concentrations of the reactants when the system is at equilibrium.
D) The concentrations of the products will be about the same as the concentrations of the reactants when the system is at equilibrium.
E) None of these choices are correct.

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Write the mass-action expression, Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g) + ½Br2(g) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   NOBr(g)


A) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. NO(g)  + ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    NOBr(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

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Unless ΔH°rxn = 0, a change in temperature will affect the value of the equilibrium constant Kc.

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A chemical reaction will reach equilibrium when the limiting reactant is used up.

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The following reaction is at equilibrium at one atmosphere, in a closed container. NaOH(s) + CO2(g) The following reaction is at equilibrium at one atmosphere, in a closed container. NaOH(s)  + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)    NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(s)  Which, if any, of the following actions will decrease the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> gas present at equilibrium? A)  adding N<sub>2</sub> gas to double the pressure B)  adding more solid NaOH C)  decreasing the volume of the container D)  removing half of the solid NaHCO<sub>3</sub> E)  None of these choices are correct. NaHCO3(s) Which, if any, of the following actions will decrease the total amount of CO2 gas present at equilibrium?


A) adding N2 gas to double the pressure
B) adding more solid NaOH
C) decreasing the volume of the container
D) removing half of the solid NaHCO3
E) None of these choices are correct.

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For some gas-phase reactions, Kp = Kc.

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Write the mass-action expression, Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)


A) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Write the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction. Zn(s)  + 2Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)    Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2Ag(s)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

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Nitric oxide is formed in automobile exhaust when nitrogen and oxygen in air react at high temperatures. N2(g) + O2(g) Nitric oxide is formed in automobile exhaust when nitrogen and oxygen in air react at high temperatures. N<sub>2</sub>(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NO(g)  The equilibrium constant K<sub>p</sub> for the reaction is 0.0025 at 2127°C. If a container is charged with 8.00 atm of nitrogen and 5.00 atm of oxygen and the mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium, what will be the equilibrium partial pressure of nitrogen? A)  0.16 atm B)  0.31 atm C)  3.1 atm D)  7.7 atm E)  7.8 atm 2NO(g) The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction is 0.0025 at 2127°C. If a container is charged with 8.00 atm of nitrogen and 5.00 atm of oxygen and the mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium, what will be the equilibrium partial pressure of nitrogen?


A) 0.16 atm
B) 0.31 atm
C) 3.1 atm
D) 7.7 atm
E) 7.8 atm

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Compounds A, B, and C react according to the following equation. 3A(g) + 2B(g) Compounds A, B, and C react according to the following equation. 3A(g)  + 2B(g)    2C(g)  At 100°C a mixture of these gases at equilibrium showed that [A] = 0.855 M, [B] = 1.23 M, and [C] = 1.75 M. What is the value of K<sub>c</sub> for this reaction? A)  0.309 B)  0.601 C)  1.66 D)  3.24 E)  > 10 2C(g) At 100°C a mixture of these gases at equilibrium showed that [A] = 0.855 M, [B] = 1.23 M, and [C] = 1.75 M. What is the value of Kc for this reaction?


A) 0.309
B) 0.601
C) 1.66
D) 3.24
E) > 10

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At a certain temperature the reaction CO2(g) + H2(g) At a certain temperature the reaction CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + H<sub>2</sub>(g)    CO(g)  + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <sub>2</sub> Has K<sub>c</sub> = 2.50. If 2.00 mol of carbon dioxide and 1.5 mol of hydrogen are placed in a 5.00 L vessel and equilibrium is established, what will be the concentration of carbon monoxide? A)  0.091 M B)  0.191 M C)  0.209 M D)  0.913 M E)  1.05 M CO(g) + H2O(g) 2 Has Kc = 2.50. If 2.00 mol of carbon dioxide and 1.5 mol of hydrogen are placed in a 5.00 L vessel and equilibrium is established, what will be the concentration of carbon monoxide?


A) 0.091 M
B) 0.191 M
C) 0.209 M
D) 0.913 M
E) 1.05 M

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At 450°C, tert-butyl alcohol decomposes into water and isobutene. (CH3) 3COH(g) At 450°C, tert-butyl alcohol decomposes into water and isobutene. (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>3</sub>COH(g)    (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>2</sub>(g)  + H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What will happen if the volume of the container is reduced by 50% at constant temperature? A)  The forward reaction will proceed to reestablish equilibrium. B)  The reverse reaction will proceed to reestablish equilibrium. C)  No change occurs. D)  The equilibrium constant will increase. E)  The equilibrium constant will decrease. (CH3) 2CCH2(g) + H2O(g) A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What will happen if the volume of the container is reduced by 50% at constant temperature?


A) The forward reaction will proceed to reestablish equilibrium.
B) The reverse reaction will proceed to reestablish equilibrium.
C) No change occurs.
D) The equilibrium constant will increase.
E) The equilibrium constant will decrease.

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At 500°C the equilibrium constant, Kp, is 4.00 × 10-4 for the equilibrium: 2HCN(g) At 500°C the equilibrium constant, K<sub>p</sub>, is 4.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> for the equilibrium: 2HCN(g)    H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>(g)  What is Kp for the following reaction? H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>(g)    2HCN(g)  A)  2.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> B)  -4.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> C)  1.25 × 10<sup>3</sup> D)  2.50 × 10<sup>3</sup> E)  4.00 × 10<sup>4</sup> H2(g) + C2N2(g) What is Kp for the following reaction? H2(g) + C2N2(g) At 500°C the equilibrium constant, K<sub>p</sub>, is 4.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> for the equilibrium: 2HCN(g)    H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>(g)  What is Kp for the following reaction? H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>(g)    2HCN(g)  A)  2.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> B)  -4.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> C)  1.25 × 10<sup>3</sup> D)  2.50 × 10<sup>3</sup> E)  4.00 × 10<sup>4</sup> 2HCN(g)


A) 2.00 × 10-4
B) -4.00 × 10-4
C) 1.25 × 103
D) 2.50 × 103
E) 4.00 × 104

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Consider the reversible reaction: 2NO2(g) Consider the reversible reaction: 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)    N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)  If the concentrations of both NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> are 0.016 mol L<sup>-1</sup>, what is the value of<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>? A)  0.016 B)  0.50 C)  1.0 D)  2.0 E)  63 N2O4(g) If the concentrations of both NO2 and N2O4 are 0.016 mol L-1, what is the value of Consider the reversible reaction: 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)    N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)  If the concentrations of both NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> are 0.016 mol L<sup>-1</sup>, what is the value of<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>? A)  0.016 B)  0.50 C)  1.0 D)  2.0 E)  63 c?


A) 0.016
B) 0.50
C) 1.0
D) 2.0
E) 63

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Nitrogen dioxide can dissociate to nitric oxide and oxygen. 2NO2(g) Nitrogen dioxide can dissociate to nitric oxide and oxygen. 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NO(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)  ΔH°<sub>rxn</sub> = +114 kJ Under which reaction conditions would you expect to produce the largest amount of oxygen? A)  high temperature, high pressure B)  low temperature, high pressure C)  high temperature, low pressure D)  low temperature, low pressure E)  None of these choices are correct. 2NO(g) + O2(g) ΔH°rxn = +114 kJ Under which reaction conditions would you expect to produce the largest amount of oxygen?


A) high temperature, high pressure
B) low temperature, high pressure
C) high temperature, low pressure
D) low temperature, low pressure
E) None of these choices are correct.

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The two equilibrium constants for the same reaction, Kc and Kp, will always equal one another when


A) all of the reactants and products are gases.
B) in the reaction equation, the number of moles of gaseous products equals the number of moles of gaseous reactants.
C) in the reaction equation, the number of moles of gaseous products is greater than the number of moles of gaseous reactants.
D) in the reaction equation, the number of moles of gaseous products is smaller than the number of moles of gaseous reactants.
E) in the reaction equation, the total number of moles of reactants equals that of the products.

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Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen. CO(g) + 2H2(g) Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen. CO(g)  + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)    CH<sub>3</sub>OH(g)  ΔH°<sub>rxn</sub> = -90.7 kJ A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What effect will be seen when equilibrium is re-established after decreasing the temperature by 45°C? A)  All the partial pressures will decrease. B)  The partial pressure of methanol will decrease. C)  The partial pressures of hydrogen and methanol will decrease. D)  The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase. E)  The partial pressure of carbon monoxide will decrease. CH3OH(g) ΔH°rxn = -90.7 kJ A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What effect will be seen when equilibrium is re-established after decreasing the temperature by 45°C?


A) All the partial pressures will decrease.
B) The partial pressure of methanol will decrease.
C) The partial pressures of hydrogen and methanol will decrease.
D) The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase.
E) The partial pressure of carbon monoxide will decrease.

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