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One cause of the diverging interests between principals and agents is that managers in the company are motivated by different desires such as power, job security, and income and may use their position to help fulfill those desires rather than invest in ways that increase stockholder returns.

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Robert has been the CEO at Nikita Incorporated for the last seven years. For the last three years, he has illegally diverted cash and assets to himself and his family members. He has abused corporate perks, such as using a company jet to fly to the Bahamas for a vacation and allowed his family members to use the gym and other amenities at the corporate office for free. He has spent corporate funds on vacation home in Miami, Florida and a threw a lavish New Year's Eve party for a hundred friends. Which of the following governance mechanisms is illustrated in this scenario?


A) Stock options
B) Self-dealing
C) The takeover constraint
D) Employee incentives
E) Greenmail

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Which of the following statements is true about takeover constraint?


A) It encourages managers to put their own interests above those of stockholders.
B) It usually occurs when the management has maximized the wealth of the stockholders.
C) It often gives senior managers more independence when it comes to granting stock options.
D) It has ceased to exist in companies since the late 1990s.
E) It is the governance mechanism of last resort and is often invoked only when other governance mechanisms have failed.

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Maximizing long-run profitability and profit growth is the best way to satisfy the claims of several key stakeholder groups irrespective of how the company accomplishes this goal.

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Which of the following statements about the board of directors is NOT true?


A) Board members are elected by stockholders.
B) The board can be held legally accountable for a company's actions.
C) The board has the legal authority to hire, fire, and compensate the CEO.
D) All the directors are full-time employees of the company.
E) Outside directors help perform the monitoring function of the board.

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According to an SEC investigation, Computer Associates, one of the world's largest software companies, backdated contracts to boost the company's reported revenues. This is not an ethical business practice.

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A union and the public are examples of internal stakeholders.

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Which of the following statements is true about corporate raiders?


A) They are underperforming corporations that have been acquired by other companies.
B) They are government-funded organizations that help underperforming companies recover.
C) They may purchase stock in a company to take over the business and run it more efficiently.
D) They lack power to interfere with the top management decisions.
E) They discourage companies from pursuing strategies that help maximize stockholder wealth.

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Stockholders receive a return on their investment in a company's stock from dividend payments and capital appreciation.

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Gemini Corp. is a large automobile manufacturer that has contracts with several suppliers. To gain more benefits from an upholstery supplier, Gemini Corp. unilaterally changed the contract and pressurized the supplier to lower its prices. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?


A) Opportunistic exploitation
B) On-the-job consumption
C) Agency strategy
D) Greenmail
E) Self-dealing

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Alpha LLC is a large paint manufacturing company. Despite government regulations, the company has been illegally disposing of its chemical wastes in a lake, which is an important habitat for several fish and birds. Which of the following ethical concerns is illustrated in this scenario?


A) On-the-job consumption
B) Opportunistic exploitation
C) Environmental degradation
D) Self-dealing
E) Substandard working conditions

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A stock option is a right to purchase:


A) shares of the company's stock at the stock's current price.
B) shares of the company's stock at half the stock's current price.
C) shares of the company's stock at a predetermined price at some point in the future.
D) bonds issued by the company.
E) stock in an underperforming company.

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An agency relationship continues throughout the hierarchy within a company.

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Rebecca works at a company where she has consistently noticed the questionable decisions and unethical behavior of her superiors. She has decided to contact the media and "blow the whistle". Rebecca is exhibiting which kind of ethical principle?


A) Organization culture and leadership
B) Decision-making processes
C) Strong corporate governance
D) Moral courage
E) Hiring and promotion

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Which of the following statements is true about strategic control systems?


A) They are usually set by government regulators and require top management to follow them.
B) Their primary purpose is to foster on-the-job consumption.
C) Their purpose is to ensure that the wealth of stockholders is maximized.
D) They relieve employees and management of legal and ethical constraints.
E) They are designed to encourage information asymmetry.

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Using a strategic control system known as the balanced scorecard model, which of the following would be evaluated from the customer perspective?


A) Level of service
B) Cash flow
C) Employee satisfaction
D) Percentage of revenues generated from new products in a defined period
E) Revenue growth

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Why do inside directors often dominate outsiders on a board of directors?


A) Insiders can use their position within the management hierarchy to exercise control over the company-specific information that the board receives.
B) They can present information in a way that puts them in a favorable light.
C) They have intimate knowledge of the company's operations, and because superior knowledge and control over information are sources of power.
D) They may be better positioned than outsiders to influence boardroom decision making.
E) All of these are reasons why inside directors often dominate outsiders on a board of directors.

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Arnold is a CEO at Gamma LLC. He has control over the corporate funds of the company. Arnold has often used funds from the company to pay for his travel and hotel expenses. The funds could otherwise have increased stockholder returns. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?


A) Corporate governance
B) On-the-job consumption
C) Greenmail
D) Information asymmetry
E) Information manipulation

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Gamma Corp. recently bought stocks in an underperforming company that has failed to maximize stockholder wealth. Gamma Corp. made changes to the top management structure of the company and persuaded the management to pursue strategies that maximize the wealth of stockholders. Gamma Corp. has been able to earn millions by doing so. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?


A) Greenmail
B) Agency theory
C) Information asymmetry
D) Self-dealing
E) On-the-job consumption

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A criticism of stock-based compensation plans is that they:


A) discourage empire building.
B) reduce motivation among agents.
C) do not align management and stockholder interests.
D) dilute stockholders' equity.
E) adversely affect the earnings of principals.

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