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A) As the Sun was forming, gravitational contraction increased the Sun's temperature until the core became hot enough for nuclear fusion, which ever since has generated the heat that makes the Sun shine.
B) The Sun initially began generating energy through nuclear fusion as it formed, but today it generates energy primarily through the sunspot cycle.
C) As the Sun was forming, nuclear fusion reactions in the shrinking clouds of gas slowly became stronger and stronger, until the Sun reached its current luminosity.
D) The Sun initially began making energy through chemical reactions. These heated the interior enough to allow gravitational contraction and nuclear fusion to occur.
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A) about 10 years
B) about 110 years
C) about 1 year
D) This figure cannot be used to answer this question.
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We could discover the problem within a f...View Answer
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A) The magnetic polarity of the Sun reverses approximately every 11 years.
B) The rate of nuclear fusion in the Sun peaks about every 11 years.
C) At solar minimum, the first sunspots form at mid- latitudes on the Sun.
D) The number of solar flares peaks about every 11 years.
E) The number of sunspots peaks approximately every 11 years.
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A) It would appear more blue.
B) It would appear more red.
C) It would stay the same.
D) It would become bright white.
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A) The fusion rate decreases, then the core expands and heats.
B) The fusion rate decreases, then the core shrinks and heats.
C) The fusion rate increases, then the core expands and cools.
D) The fusion rate increases, then the core shrinks and heats.
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A) our mathematical models of the solar interior are fairly accurate.
B) the Sun vibrates only on the surface.
C) they are caused by processes similar to those that create earthquakes.
D) neutrinos from the solar core reach the solar surface easily.
E) the Sun generates energy by nuclear fusion.
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A) observing X- ray images of the solar interior using satellites
B) measuring Doppler shifts to observe solar vibrations
C) building mathematical models that use the laws of physics
D) detecting solar neutrinos generated in the Sun's core
E) both C and D
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A) 4 tons
B) 600 tons
C) 4 million tons
D) 600 million tons
E) Nothing; mass- energy is conserved.
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A) gravitational contraction
B) nuclear fission
C) nuclear fusion
D) chemical reactions
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A) the wind that causes huge arcs of gas to rise above the Sun's surface
B) the strong wind that blows sunspots around on the surface of the Sun
C) the uppermost layer of the Sun, lying just above the corona
D) a stream of charged particles flowing outward from the surface of the Sun
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A) Fusion in the Sun's core creates neutrinos.
B) The Sun was born with a supply of neutrinos that it gradually emits into space.
C) Solar flares create neutrinos with magnetic fields.
D) Convection releases neutrinos, which random walk through the radiation zone.
E) The Sun does not emit neutrinos.
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A) Because the Sun is spinning so fast, the centrifugal forces keep the surface of the Sun supported against collapse.
B) because the Sun is solid
C) because gas pressure balances gravity in the Sun
D) because the Sun has lived for billions of years
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A) The core would heat up, causing it to radiate so much energy that it would shrink even more.
B) The core would heat up, fusion rates would increase, the core would re- expand.
C) The core would cool off and continue to shrink as its density increased.
D) The density of the core would decrease, causing the core to cool off and expand.
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A) much hotter and much denser than its surface.
B) at the same temperature and density as its surface.
C) composed of iron.
D) at the same temperature but much denser than its surface.
E) constantly rising to the surface through convection.
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A) hydrogen compounds such as methane.
B) molecular hydrogen.
C) helium, gamma rays, and neutrinos.
D) radiation and elements such as carbon and nitrogen.
E) radioactive elements such as uranium and plutonium.
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