A) variable region on the light chains.
B) hinge region of all chains.
C) constant region on the light chains.
D) constant region on the heavy chains.
E) variable region on the heavy chains.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) B cells AND cell-mediated immunity
B) MHC class II molecules, B cells AND cytotoxic T cells
C) B cells, leukocytes AND MHC class II molecules
D) MHC class I molecules, helper T cells AND humoral immunity
E) MHC class I molecules, cell-mediated immunity AND cytotoxic T cells
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgG
D) IgE
E) IgD
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) to think of the various segments as a deck of cards-when you get dealt a hand of five cards, you have a very high likelihood of getting a different hand every time. The quality of the hand you have dealt will dictate whether you have a "winning" hand (capable of binding to antigenic epitopes) .
B) to think of the various segments as the pieces of a house-you need a strong foundation first (the joining segments) , followed by a frame (the diversity segments) , then the interior walls (the variable segments) before the structure is complete.
C) to think of the various segments as building a highway-you need to prepare the area first by clearing a path (the joining segments do this) , then grade/slope the area (the diversity segments) before you can finally lay down the asphalt (the variable segments) .
D) to think of the various segments as a bingo game-each segment is randomly selected, but you're going to need one of each (V, D, and J) to form a functional molecule. The "right" combination varies depending on which antigen is eventually going to be binding to the molecule (i.e., your bingo card would be the eventual antigen, and the random calling out of the number/letter combinations would be the forming of the VDJ hypervariable region) .
E) to think of the various segments as the characters in a game of Clue. Each character is assigned a specific weapon with which to commit a murder (the joining segments) , but once that is assigned, the room in which the murder occurs is random (the diversity segments) ; to get a complete picture, you need to know the name of the victim (variable segments) .
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) determinants.
B) antibodies.
C) proteases.
D) macroproteins.
E) epitopes.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) one
B) three
C) five
D) seven
E) twelve
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) neutralization.
B) immobilization.
C) agglutination.
D) opsonization.
E) fever.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed by the video.
B) While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that can do so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells.
C) A blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission AND CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed.
D) B cells would be primed right away to produce complement proteins to destroy the virus. This would prevent cells from being infected with it in the first place. The medical community denounces the scientist's video to prevent people from becoming alarmed.
E) While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that are capable of doing so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells AND a blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) Cytotoxic T cell-type of lymphocyte programmed to destroy infected or cancerous "self" cells.
B) Plasma cell-effector form of a B cell; it functions as an antibody-secreting factory.
C) T cell receptor-molecule on a T cell that enables the T cell to recognize a specific antigen.
D) MHC class II-molecules that cells use to present antigen to cytotoxic T cells.
E) Fab region-portion of an antibody molecule that binds to the antigen.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) is a form of programmed cell death AND results specifically in T cell death.
B) is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells AND results specifically in T cell death.
C) results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells.
D) is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells.
E) refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) An effector CD4 cell activates the presenting cell.
B) An effector CD8 cell activates the presenting cell.
C) An effector CD4 cell kills the presenting cell.
D) An effector CD8 cell kills the presenting cell.
E) An effector CD8 cell activates a naive CD4 cell.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) Peyer's patches.
B) W Cells.
C) M cells.
D) red blood cells.
E) Peyer's patches AND M cells.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) When memory B cells become activated, some quickly differentiate to form plasma cells, resulting in the rapid production of antibodies. IgG crosses the placenta and protects the fetus.
B) In the first (primary) exposure to an antigen, it takes about 10 to 14 days for a significant concentration of antibodies to accumulate. IgM is made, followed by IgG.
C) The second exposure to an antigen, which characterizes the memory of adaptive immunity, causes rapid production of relatively large quantities of IgM but no IgG.
D) If the same antigen is encountered later in life, a stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response occurs, called the secondary response. Large amounts of IgG are made.
E) The first adaptive immune response to an antigen is the primary response; effector cells and memory cells are formed as a result of this initial encounter.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) One day
B) 10-14 days
C) 4 weeks
D) 6 months
E) 48 hours
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) antigen-presenting cells.
D) antibody-producing cells.
E) lymphocytes.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) bind to and destroy an antigen such as the toxoplasmosis parasite.
B) bind to and tag an antigen for elimination by white blood cells such as macrophages.
C) bind to and destroy any self cells in which a pathogen may reside and multiply.
D) coat the cytoplasmic membrane of a self cell so a pathogen cannot enter it.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) Yes; epitopes are just a sequence of amino acids in a row, so they do not change regardless of 3D shape of the protein molecule they lie within.
B) Yes; all proteins must be broken down into individual epitopes for presentation to B and T cells on MHC molecules, so each antigen protein MUST be denatured to yield ANY epitopes.
C) No; ALL epitopes are dependent on being in the proper original 3D conformation of the protein. Denaturing them would destroy them by destroying that conformation.
D) No; denaturing an antigen results in epitopes with a different amino acid sequence from those on an intact antigen, so they are not the same at all.
E) Yes AND No; SOME epitopes are dependent on 3D conformation (conformational epitopes) , while some simply depend on the sequence of amino acids (linear epitopes) . So, really, it depends on the particular epitope.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) Phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND production of cytokines that help regulate and direct certain immune responses.
B) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity AND negative selection of lymphocytes that recognize normal "self" molecules AND regulation and direction of certain immune responses.
C) Destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses AND negative selection of lymphocytes that fail to recognize normal "self" molecules.
D) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity OR destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses.
E) Regulation and direction of certain immune responses AND phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND stimulation of MHC class I molecules.
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgE
E) IgM
Correct Answer
verified
Correct Answer
verified
Showing 21 - 40 of 90
Related Exams