Question 1

When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems,you may fail to see other,more efficient ways of solving some of the problems.This is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  functional fixedness
B)  procrastination
C)  a heuristic
D)  mental set

Question 2

In the generate-and-test problem solving strategy,you would be most likely to ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematically test all possible solutions until you arrive at the correct answer
B)  continue to randomly choose hypotheses to test until you finally arrived at the correct answer
C)  use intuitive or informed principles to guide your hypothesis choices
D)  try to take incremental steps to slowly work your way toward achieving the solution

Question 3

If you are using heuristics to try to solve a problem,you would be most likely to ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematically test all possible solutions until you arrive at the correct answer
B)  continue to randomly choose hypotheses to test until you finally arrived at the correct answer
C)  use intuitive or informed principles to guide your hypothesis choices
D)  try to take incremental steps to slowly work your way toward achieving the solution

Question 4

If you are using algorithms to try to solve a problem,you would be most likely to ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematically test all possible solutions until you arrive at the correct answer
B)  continue to randomly choose hypotheses to test until you finally arrived at the correct answer
C)  use intuitive or informed principles to guide your hypothesis choices
D)  try to take incremental steps to slowly work your way toward achieving the solution

Question 5

The tumor problem and the story of the general were used in research on ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  working backward
B)  reasoning by analogy
C)  means-end analysis
D)  backtracking

Question 6

According to Dewey (1933) ,______ is defined as "active,persistent,and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends."

Accepted Answer

A)  critical thinking
B)  deliberative thinking
C)  active thinking
D)  universal thinking

Question 7

Creativity is ideally both novel and ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  abstract
B)  appropriate
C)  accessible
D)  actualized

Question 8

Working backward is a useful approach to solving the Towers of Hanoi problem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Experts tend to approach problems in their field at a ______ level,while novices tend to approach problems at a ______ level.

Accepted Answer

A)  shallow;shallow
B)  shallow;deep
C)  deep;shallow
D)  deep;deep

Question 10

Gobet and Simon's study of the chess-playing abilities of champion Gary Kasparov indicated that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Kasparov's superiority was limited to single games;he could not play three or four games simultaneously
B)  Kasparov plays almost as well playing eight games simultaneously as he does playing a single game
C)  Kasparov's superiority declined when forced to play very quickly
D)  Kasparov's mastery stems from his ability to think ahead and plan future moves

Question 11

The ______ problem is a classic problem-solving experiment in which participants must use working backward in order to find the most efficient problem-solving strategy.

Accepted Answer

A)  Towers of Hanoi
B)  General in the Jungle
C)  Physics Rotation
D)  Tumor Intervention

Question 12

Expert systems typically contain all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a knowledge base
B)  a set of inference rules
C)  an answer key
D)  a means of interacting with a human user

Question 13

Critical thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  actively evaluating one's solutions to a problem
B)  criticizing the ideas of other people
C)  examining the implications of an idea
D)  reflecting on the quality of one's ideas

Question 14

Which of the following is true of "flashes of insight" that are part of the creative process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Only "creative people" experience flashes of insight.
B)  Flashes of insight may be part of a normal problem solving process.
C)  Noncreative people experience flashes of insight much slower than creative people.
D)  Flashes of insight always require the generation of new knowledge or strategies.

Question 15

According to Wertheimer (1945) ,a learner would be most successful when taught through ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanically repetitive means
B)  essential structures
C)  rote means
D)  metaphorical structures

Question 16

Expert systems involve which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  models of expert judgments in a given field
B)  a series of relevant facts for a given field
C)  inference rules to search the field's knowledge base
D)  all of these

Question 17

A(n) ______ problem does not have a clear goal,adequate starting information,or accessible set of steps.

Accepted Answer

A)  classic
B)  well-defined
C)  ill-defined
D)  fixation

Question 18

People do not usually reason from a single analogy without being explicitly told to do so.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,critical thinking ______ include willingness to engage in critical thinking while critical thinking ______ include being able to examine one's assumptions and conclusions.

Accepted Answer

A)  skills;dispositions
B)  motivation;incubation
C)  dispositions;skills
D)  incubation;motivation

Question 20

According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,during college years,students show a(n) ______ in critical thinking skills and a(n) ______ in critical thinking dispositions.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease;decrease
B)  decrease;increase
C)  increase;decrease
D)  increase;increase

Exam 11: Thinking and Problem Solving

A(n) ______ problem does not have a clear goal,adequate starting information,or accessible set of steps.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Working backward is a useful approach to solving the Towers of Hanoi problem.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tumor problem and the story of the general were used in research on ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,critical thinking ______ include willingness to engage in critical thinking while critical thinking ______ include being able to examine one's assumptions and conclusions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Dewey (1933) ,______ is defined as "active,persistent,and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends."

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Wertheimer (1945) ,a learner would be most successful when taught through ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,during college years,students show a(n) ______ in critical thinking skills and a(n) ______ in critical thinking dispositions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you are using algorithms to try to solve a problem,you would be most likely to ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gobet and Simon's study of the chess-playing abilities of champion Gary Kasparov indicated that ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Critical thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Experts tend to approach problems in their field at a ______ level,while novices tend to approach problems at a ______ level.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Expert systems typically contain all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Creativity is ideally both novel and ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you are using heuristics to try to solve a problem,you would be most likely to ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ______ problem is a classic problem-solving experiment in which participants must use working backward in order to find the most efficient problem-solving strategy.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems,you may fail to see other,more efficient ways of solving some of the problems.This is referred to as ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the generate-and-test problem solving strategy,you would be most likely to ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Expert systems involve which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of "flashes of insight" that are part of the creative process?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People do not usually reason from a single analogy without being explicitly told to do so.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,critical thinking include willingness to engage in critical thinking while critical thinking include being able to examine one's assumptions and conclusions.

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According to Huber and Kuncel (2016) ,during college years,students show a(n) in critical thinking skills and a(n) in critical thinking dispositions.

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Experts tend to approach problems in their field at a level,while novices tend to approach problems at a level.

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