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Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

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Question 31

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If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

A) The association should be rejected as inconclusive.
B) The study must be done again using the same participants.
C) The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not.
D) The findings should be replicated in another population.

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Question 32

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If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

A) construct validity
B) external validity
C) internal validity
D) statistical validity

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Question 33

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When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p value indicates which of the following?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings. • A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig. • B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05) • C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Of the three findings in Dr.Moynihan's study, which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Dr.Guidry should probably consider these scores .

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r) ?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.2: Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females).Below are her findings. • A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r = .03, not sig. • B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r = .14 (p = .05) • C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr.Moynihan's study makes her findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05.The p is a .

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Considering Dr.Guidry's sample, which of the following statements is true?

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship.Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women.In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n) :

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr.Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States.Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr.Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if: