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Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship. He decides to try out for the team the following year, hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:


A) who are similar to themselves.
B) whom they admire.
C) when the outcome is desirable.
D) when they have the motor capabilities to perform the same actions.

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The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:


A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social transmission of information.
D) emotional contagion.

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A process in which the learner actively monitors events and then chooses later actions based on those observation is known as:


A) true imitation.
B) observational learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) social conformity.

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Which statement is TRUE regarding emotional contagion?


A) It usually involves motor acts that have been learned.
B) The actions that result from emotional contagion are usually different from the observed actions.
C) The copied reaction is an unconditioned response.
D) All of the statements are true.

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Maxwell is excited to see that a graduate from his high school works at a digital company designing games. He selects computer programing and engineering as his major at college, hoping to enjoy the same excitement when he succeeds. This example illustrates that individuals are likely to copy models when:


A) the model is present.
B) the model's actions are remembered.
C) they have a chance to copy the behavior.
D) the outcome they observe is a positive one.

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Linda has never been afraid of spiders, but she constantly sees her mom scream at the site of one. Eventually, Linda develops a fear of spiders; this is an example of:


A) phobia.
B) classical conditioning.
C) emotional contagion.
D) observational conditioning.

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Studies of copying in humans and chimpanzees have shown that _____ are more likely to emulate a model's behavior than _____.


A) human adults; chimpanzees
B) human children; human adults
C) human children; chimpanzees
D) chimpanzees; human children

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Which statement is TRUE regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?


A) The rate of homicides increased after TV was introduced, even in countries where TV was banned.
B) Level of arousal does not seem to play a role in the likelihood of a person behaving aggressively.
C) Children who play violent video games behave more aggressively than children who play nonviolent video games.
D) Children who watch the same violent TV show multiple times are more likely to behave aggressively than children who watch that same show only once.

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Which statement is TRUE regarding vocal learning in songbirds?


A) Baby birds raised without contact with their own species still learn their own song.
B) If young birds are exposed to both the songs of their own species and the songs of a different species, they will readily learn both species' songs.
C) The songs that birds sing are genetically predetermined.
D) The songs that birds sing can show differences in dialect.

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Which scenario is an example of emotional contagion?


A) A baby cries in the pediatrician's office, and the other babies begin to cry as well.
B) A dog salivates at the sound of a bell.
C) A young child cries at the site of her mom.
D) Repeated shocks have taught the mouse to stay in the corner whether or not a shock is received.

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One of the most important elements in copying a behavior is having a reason to repeat the observed action. Bandura referred to this as:


A) presence of a model.
B) accessible format.
C) ability to reproduce the action.
D) motivation for reproducing.

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Children with autism:


A) cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
B) show more impairment of meaningful gestures than meaningless ones.
C) have problems with perspective taking.
D) have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.

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In Bandura's Bobo doll study, it was found that:


A) aggressive behavior transferred to other contexts.
B) for girls, aggression was more common when they observed a female model than a male model.
C) only the children who were first provoked showed aggression toward the Bobo doll.
D) the attack styles of the children who behaved aggressively were different from the attack styles of the models they observed.

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Perspective taking is an ability:


A) that requires visual acknowledgement of the situation.
B) that depends on the individual's observation of the event.
C) that occurs only for relatively complex behaviors.
D) to imagine oneself in the place of another.

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Researchers hypothesized that mirror neurons provide a basic mechanism for simple _____, allowing researchers to directly examine the mechanisms better.


A) conditioning
B) association
C) emulation
D) imitation

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The inborn tendency to react emotionally to stimuli that indicate emotion in other members of one's species is called:


A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) imitation.
D) emotional contagion.

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According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats, which brain area(s) seem(s) particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?


A) the basal forebrain
B) the basal forebrain and the cortex
C) the hippocampus and the cortex
D) the hippocampus

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_____ is the act of doing what one observes another organism doing.


A) Simulation
B) Emulation
C) Copying
D) Perspective taking

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In a nursery, if one baby starts crying, there is a tendency for the other babies to also start crying. This is an example of:


A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) vocal learning.
D) emotional contagion.

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Zachary's dog Buddy, like many dogs, enjoys chasing the little red spot of light from a laser pointer when Zachary moves the light around the carpet. Zachary's new puppy Zoe observed Buddy chasing the light, which drew her attention to the light, and she began chasing it just like Buddy did. This is an example of:


A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social conformity.
D) emotional contagion.

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