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People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of


A) belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) framing.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

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Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.


A) right temporal
B) left temporal
C) right occipital
D) left occipital

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The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to


A) judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype.
B) judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.
C) search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions.
D) cling to our initial conceptions,even though they have been discredited.

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Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty when he could not find his wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car,his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates


A) confirmation bias.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) the belief perseverance phenomenon.
D) the framing effect.

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By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane,insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of


A) belief perseverance.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) overconfidence.
D) the availability heuristic.

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You are the commissioner of a state lottery system that sponsors daily and weekly drawings. Lottery tickets have not been selling well over the past few months. Describe four ways you could take advantage of people's use of the availability heuristic to boost sales. Explain why you would judge your tactics to be fair or unfair to your customers.

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Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers,he decided to try the short hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates


A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) trial and error.
D) belief perseverance.

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A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of


A) the availability heuristic.
B) belief perseverance.
C) an algorithm.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

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A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of


A) belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) framing.
D) the availability heuristic.

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A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients,their amounts,and the steps to follow is an example of a(n)


A) prototype.
B) algorithm.
C) heuristic.
D) mental set.

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Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called


A) fixations.
B) heuristics.
C) prototypes.
D) algorithms.

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Complete the following analogy: Rose is to flower as


A) concept is to prototype.
B) prototype is to concept.
C) concept is to hierarchy.
D) hierarchy is to concept.

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Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit


A) overconfidence.
B) the framing effect.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) linguistic determinism.

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Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of


A) overconfidence.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) confirmation bias.
D) the availability heuristic.

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A mental set is most likely to inhibit


A) confirmation bias.
B) overconfidence.
C) creativity.
D) belief perseverance.

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Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances,their decisions are being influenced by


A) belief perseverance.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) fixation.

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Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls,Mrs. Zumpano,a second-grade teacher,watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates


A) the availability heuristic.
B) confirmation bias.
C) the framing effect.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

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Although intuition can at times hinder rationality,it is often valuable because it facilitates


A) framing.
B) quick decisions.
C) belief perseverance.
D) fixation.

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By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings,we create


A) algorithms.
B) category hierarchies.
C) heuristics.
D) overconfidence.

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If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way,we may-without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by


A) critical periods.
B) algorithms.
C) intuition.
D) functional fixedness.

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