A) hepatitis A
B) hepatitis B
C) hepatitis C
D) hepatitis D
E) hepatitis E
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A) When plaque calcifies into tartar it must be scraped off the teeth.
B) Dentists recommend a twice- yearly dental cleaning and checkup to limit caries and periodontal disease,
C) Bacterial growth within deeper biofilm layers and new bacteria entering the mouth quickly reestablish what was removed from brushing.
D) Limiting dietary fats reduces lactic acid production by the bacteria in dental plaque and decreases the risk for dental caries,
E) Brushing teeth twice daily and flossing will physically remove superficial plaque layers.
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A) mild to profuse diarrhea
B) organ failure and death
C) hypovolemic shock
D) leg cramps
E) pseudomembranous colitis
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A) Periodontal disease
B) Dental caries
C) Gingivitis
D) Thrush
E) Oral yeast infection
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A) kidney failure or kidney cancer
B) heart failure
C) constipation
D) cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma
E) constipation, ulcers, or colon cancer
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A) host makes contact with contaminated object; swallows cysts; trophozoites released from cysts; trophozoites reproduce in digestive tract; trophozoites and new cysts are released from host in feces
B) host makes contact with contaminated object; swallows cysts; trophozoites released from cysts; trophozoites reproduce in digestive tract; trophozoites travel to the lungs, trophozoites form cysts, cysts are coughed up and released from host in relatively large respiratory droplets that people sneeze, cough, drip, or exhale
C) host makes contact with contaminated object; swallows cysts; trophozoites released from cysts in digestive tract; trophozoites travel to and reproduce in the liver; trophozoites travel to the lungs, trophozoites form cysts, cysts are coughed up, swallowed, and released from host in feces
D) host is bitten; cysts enter the bloodstream; trophozoites released from cysts in blood; trophozoites travel to and reproduce in the liver; new trophozoites circulate in blood, trophozoites are eaten by a new insect where they then form cysts
E) host makes contact with contaminated object; swallows cysts; trophozoites released from cysts; trophozoites reproduce in digestive tract; trophozoites travel to the lungs, trophozoites form cysts, cysts are coughed up, swallowed, and released from host in feces
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A) Neisseria
B) Streptococcus
C) Bacteriodes
D) Actinomyces
E) Fusobacterium
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A) chemicals; pulp
B) spores; gums
C) proteins; pulp
D) acids; enamel
E) toxins; dentin
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A) Taenia solium
B) Taenia asiatica
C) Enterobius vermicularis
D) Necator americanu
E) Taenia saginata
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A) mouth, esophagus, stomach, pharynx, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
B) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus
C) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus
D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
E) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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A) Eggs are ingested when the patient eats infected seafood.
B) Cysts are ingested when the patient eats undercooked meat.
C) Cysts are spread onto fomites when an infected host does not properly wash their hands and then the patient touches that object and doesn't wash their hands before eating.
D) Cysts are spread via respiratory droplets when an infected host coughs or sneezes.
E) The worm penetrates the skin when the patient walks outside barefoot.
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A) hepatitis A
B) hepatitis B
C) hepatitis C
D) hepatitis D
E) hepatitis E
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A) Different pathogens are activated at different points along the digestive tract, and the location of the lymphatic tissue allows the host to respond according to which pathogen is activating in that area.
B) When an infection occurs, these lymphatic tissues are able to quickly trigger an inflammatory response along the entire GI tract.
C) When an infection occurs, these lymphatic tissues are able to quickly stop digestion and the movement of the GI contents so that the infection doesn't spread throughout the body.
D) Upon infection in a specific area of the GI tract, a response can quickly be delivered and flood the lumen of the GI tract in that region.
E) Cells in these lymphatic tissues "sample" the environment by phagocytosis and present their findings to lymphocytes that may or may not need to initiate an immune response.
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