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When arises a decision maker questions the decision made and searches for information to bolster it.


A) Post-decision uncertainty
B) Conflict reduction
C) Rationalization bias
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Positive reinforcement

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Under conditions, little information about the outcomes is available, but the decision maker is able to estimate the probability of occurrence of each alternative.

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A decision maker's actions are guided by


A) personal decisions.
B) a goal.
C) an operating budget.
D) interpersonal relationships.
E) a code of honor.

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If a human resources manager can estimate the probability that a certain percentage of employees will take advantage of a proposed benefit plan, the manager is operating under a condition of


A) certainty.
B) estimation.
C) risk.
D) uncertainty.
E) rationalization.

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In the decision maker searches until an alternative is found that meets minimal requirements of the problem.


A) optimizing
B) suboptimizing
C) compromising
D) satisficing
E) narrowing

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The approach to decision making combines the worthwhile features of the behavior and rational approaches to making decisions.

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The decision maker who lacks enough information to estimate the probability of outcomes faces a condition of uncertainty.

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is the period of less intense conscious concentration during which the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop.


A) Verification
B) Insight
C) Incubation
D) Preparation
E) Application

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Contingency plans are alternative actions that can be taken if the primary course of action is disrupted or rendered inappropriate.

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Examining alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found and then ceasing to look for a better one is called .

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The decision-making conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk are relevant while the decision maker is


A) stating the situational goal.
B) identifying the problem.
C) evaluating alternatives.
D) generating alternatives.
E) determining the decision type.

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Post-decision refers to the doubt, tension, or regret that often follows making a decision when more than one alternative was attractive.

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The sales department at a local company indicates that product A will greatly increase sales but require a long production schedule (which is bad for the manufacturing group) , while product B will moderately boost sales and have a shorter production schedule.In choosing product B, the sales department is


A) controlling.
B) engaged in bounded rationality.
C) suboptimizing.
D) satisficing.
E) using procedures and rules of thumb.

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involves comparison of alternatives with inner moral standards.


A) Vigilance
B) Ethics
C) Self-reaction
D) Rationalization
E) Escalation of commitment

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Managers who are cautious and try to adhere to the rational decision- making model


A) are more prone to escalate commitment.
B) infrequently make decisions that lead to big losses.
C) have a higher risk propensity than other managers.
D) operate under information conditions of certainty.
E) often build coalitions while making decisions.

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plans are alternative actions that are an important part of the choice phase of making decisions.

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Decision making is choosing one alternative from among several.

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A crucial assumption of the behavioral approach to decision making is that decision makers operate with bounded rationality rather than with the perfect rationality assumed by the rational approach.

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Nonprogrammed decisions are usually made by


A) all employees within an organization.
B) union workers.
C) upper management.
D) middle management.
E) lower management.

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The rational decision-making process assumes that managers follow a systematic, step-by-step process.

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