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Exam 1: Data Collection

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Question 1

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Explain the Various Types of Observational Studies -Researchers wanted to determine whether there was an association between city driving and stomach ulcers. They selected a sample of 900 young adults and followed them for a twenty-year period. At the start of the study none of the participants was suffering from a stomach ulcer. Each person kept track of the number of hours per week they spent driving in city traffic. At the end of the study each participant underwent tests to determine whether they were suffering from a stomach ulcer. The researchers analyzed the results to determine whether there was an association between city driving and stomach ulcers.

A) cohort; Individuals are observed over a long period of time.
B) cross-sectional; Information is collected at a specific point in time.
C) retrospective; Individuals are asked to look back in time.

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Question 2

Multiple Choice

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Obtain a Simple Random Sample -The top 38 cities in Wisconsin as determined by population are given below. Select a random sample of four cities from the list below using the two digit list of random numbers provided. Begin with the uppermost left random number and proceed down each column. When a column is complete, use the numbers at the top of the next right column and proceed down that column. Information was obtained from the web site http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Wisconsin.html. Wisconsin Cities by Population $\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline 1 & \text { Milwaukee } & 9 & \text { Eau Claire } & 17 & \text { New Berlin } & 25 & \text { West Bend } & 33 & \text { Watertown } \\\hline 2 & \text { Madison } & 10 & \text { Janesville } & 18 & \text { Wausau } & 26 & \text { Supenior } & 34 & \text { Muskego } \\\hline 3 & \text { Green Bay } & 11 & \text { West Allis } & 19 & \text { Greenfield } & 27 & \text { Mount Pleasant } & 35 & \text { De Pere } \\\hline 4 & \text { Kenosha } & 12 & \text { La Crosse } & 20 & \text { Beloit } & 28 & \text { Neenah } & 36 & \text { Fitchburg } \\\hline 5 & \text { Racine } & 13 & \text { Sheboygan } & 21 & \text { Manitowoc } & 29 & \text { Stevens Point } & 37 & \text { South Milwaukee } \\\hline 6 & \text { Appleton } & 14 & \text { Wauwatosa } & 22 & \text { Menomonee Falls } & 30 & \text { Caledoria } & 38 & \text { Grand Chute } \\\hline 7 & \text { Waukesha } & 15 & \text { Fond du Lac } & 23 & \text { Franklin } & 31 & \text { Sun Praine } & & \\\hline 8 & \text { Oshkosh } & 16 & \text { Brookfield } & 24 & \text { Oak Creek } & 32 & \text { Mequon } & & \\\hline\end{array}$ $\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline 21 & 49 & 6 & 6 & 19 & 15 & 11 & 17 \\\hline 12 & 43 & 4 & 31 & 7 & 18 & 1 & 43 \\\hline 23 & 30 & 2 & 24 & 21 & 18 & 6 & 48 \\\hline 44 & 12 & 20 & 32 & 2 & 28 & 12 & 38 \\\hline 8 & 30 & 38 & 43 & 41 & 29 & 3 & 13 \\\hline\end{array}$

A) Manitowoc, La Crosse, Franklin, Oshkosh.
B) Manitowoc, Appleton, Greenfield, Fond du Lac.
C) Milwaukee, Madison, Green Bay, Kenosha.
D) Milwaukee, Eau Claire, New Berlin, West Bend.

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Question 3

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Determine whether the quantitative variable is discrete or continuous. -the weight of a player on the wrestling team

Distinguish Between an Observational Study and an Experiment -A medical researcher obtains a sample of adults suffering from diabetes. She randomly assigns 52 people to a treatment group and 52 to a placebo group. The treatment group receives a medication over a period of three months and the placebo group receives a placebo over the same time frame. At the end of three months the patients symptoms are evaluated.

Obtain a Simple Random Sample -The government of a town needs to determine if the city s residents will support the construction of a new town hall. The government decides to conduct a survey of a sample of the city s residents. Which one of the following procedures would be most appropriate for obtaining a sample of the town s residents

Explain the Various Types of Observational Studies -Vitamin D is important for the metabolism of calcium and exposure to sunshine is an important source of vitamin D. A researcher wanted to determine whether osteoperosis was associated with a lack of exposure to sunshine. He selected a sample of 250 women with osteoperosis and an equal number of women without osteoperosis. The two groups were matched - in other words they were similar in terms of age, diet, occupation, and exercise levels. Histories on exposure to sunshine over the previous twenty years were obtained for all women. The total number of hours that each woman had been exposed to sunshine in the previous twenty years was estimated. The amount of exposure to sunshine was compared for the two groups.

Explain the Sources of Bias in Sampling -Before opening a new dealership, an auto manufacturer wants to gather information about car ownership and driving habits of the local residents. The marketing manager of the company randomly selects 1000 households from all households in the area and mails a questionnaire to them. Of the 1000 surveys mailed, she receives 70 back. Determine the type of bias.

Determine the sampling technique which is used -A lobbyist for the oil industry assigns a number to each senator and then uses a computer to randomly generate ten numbers. The lobbyist contacts the senators corresponding to these numbers. What sampling technique was used

Distinguish Between an Observational Study and an Experiment -A researcher obtained a random sample of 100 smokers and a random sample of 100 nonsmokers. After interviewing all 200 participants in the study, the researcher compared the rate of depression among the smokers with the rate of depression among nonsmokers.

Classify the variable as qualitative or quantitative. -Quantitative variables classify individuals in a sample according to

Determine the sampling technique which is used -A statistics student interviews everyone in his apartment building to determine who owns a cell phone. What sampling technique is used

A survey of 1598 American households found that 77% of the households own a DVD recorder. Identify the population, the sample, and the individuals in the study.

Determine the Level of Measurement of a Variable -the year of manufacture of a car

Which of the following is not true of statistics A) Statistics is used to answer questions with 100% certainty. B) Statistics involves collecting and summarizing data. C) Statistics can be used to organize and analyze information. D) Statistics is used to draw conclusions using data.

The legal profession conducted a study to determine the percentage of cardiologists who had been sued for malpractice in the last two years. The sample was randomly chosen from a national directory of doctors. Identify the individuals in the study.

Determine the sampling technique which is used -A market researcher randomly selects 100 homeowners under 55 years of age and 500 homeowners over 55 years of age. What sampling technique was used

What is statistics

Explain the Sources of Bias in Sampling -An online newspaper conducted a survey by asking, Do you support the lowering of air quality standards if it could cause the death of millions of innocent people from pollution related diseases Determine the type of bias.

Determine the sampling technique which is used -Every fifth adult entering an airport is checked for extra security screening. What sampling technique is used

Which branch of statistics deals with the organization and summarization of collected information