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Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on average each class is 50 minutes. If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Dominick to estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes?


A) range
B) median
C) correlation coefficient
D) standard deviation

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Correlational research is most useful for purposes of


A) explanation.
B) prediction.
C) control.
D) replication.

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After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates


A) replication.
B) hindsight bias.
C) random sampling.
D) the placebo effect.

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To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists employ


A) control groups.
B) experimental groups.
C) random assignment.
D) the double-blind procedure.

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Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perceptions that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to


A) describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles.
B) predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results.
C) explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results.
D) personally engage in naturalistic observation.

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The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to


A) perceive order in random events.
B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.
C) recognize the errors in our own ideas.
D) respect political beliefs that contradict our own.

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The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to


A) choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.
B) know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group.
C) replicate the results of a research study.
D) be fully debriefed following their participation in research.

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Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.


A) correlational studies; case studies
B) surveys; experiments
C) replication; correlation
D) description; prediction

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Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates


A) hindsight bias.
B) debriefing.
C) the placebo effect.
D) replication.

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Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates


A) hindsight bias.
B) random assignment.
C) the placebo effect.
D) overconfidence.

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After his property was vandalized by a small group of teenagers, Mr. Mahmood concluded that most teenagers are irresponsible and delinquent. Mr. Mahmood ought to be reminded that accurate generalizations depend on


A) a realization that random events may not look random.
B) detecting cause-effect relationships.
C) the observation of representative samples.
D) the selection of samples from a skewed population.

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When psychologists insist that "the rat is always right," they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of


A) humility.
B) respect for animals.
C) ecological sensitivity.
D) enthusiasm for animal research studies.

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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?


A) operational definitions
B) overconfidence
C) random assignment
D) the double-blind procedure

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A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is


A) large.
B) a skewed distribution.
C) highly variable.
D) vivid and memorable.

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The set of scores that would likely be most representative of the population from which it was drawn would be a sample with a relatively


A) large standard deviation.
B) small standard deviation.
C) large range.
D) small range.

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A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between


A) intelligence and academic success.
B) financial poverty and physical health.
C) self-esteem and depression.
D) school grades and school absences.

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An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of


A) perceiving order in random events.
B) generalizing from extreme examples.
C) exaggerating the extent to which outcomes are foreseeable.
D) assuming that association proves causation.

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Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.


A) skewed distribution
B) mode
C) correlation
D) variation

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The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because


A) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.
B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.
C) psychological research necessitates performing stressful experiments on people.
D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.

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The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by


A) random assignment.
B) hindsight bias.
C) operational definitions.
D) the placebo effect.

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