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What is the mode of the following distribution: 8, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 0, 2?


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 7

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To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use


A) the case study approach.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational measures.
D) experimental research.

Correct Answer

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On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy


A) defies the laws of statistical probability.
B) illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias.
C) is inconsistent with the placebo effect.
D) is a random and coincidental occurrence.

Correct Answer

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To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance of


A) testing a large sample.
B) operationally defining his procedures.
C) replicating observations of other researchers.
D) creating a control group.

Correct Answer

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Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5

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To study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of


A) the age of the research participants.
B) the physical coordination skills of the research participants.
C) the amount of alcohol consumed.
D) the effects of alcohol consumption.

Correct Answer

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Distinguishing between an experimental group and a control group is most relevant to specifying the nature of


A) random sampling.
B) confounding variables.
C) a standard deviation.
D) independent variables.

Correct Answer

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Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the


A) test was given to a very small class of students.
B) test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
C) students generally performed very well on the test.
D) students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.

Correct Answer

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To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?


A) the case study
B) naturalistic observation
C) the double-blind procedure
D) the survey

Correct Answer

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Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to which two variables are


A) random samples.
B) operationally defined.
C) correlated.
D) replications.

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Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?


A) replication
B) random sampling
C) naturalistic observation
D) the double-blind procedure

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The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to


A) dismiss the value of replication.
B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.
C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.
D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

Correct Answer

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The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use


A) survey research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational research.
D) experimental research.

Correct Answer

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A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n)


A) survey.
B) experiment.
C) case study.
D) correlation.

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Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about


A) the experimental hypothesis being tested.
B) whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.
C) how the dependent variable is measured.
D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

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Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to


A) avoid the use of animals in experimental research.
B) minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants.
C) treat information about individual research participants confidentially.
D) avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research.

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Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children. Which research method did he use?


A) the survey
B) the double-blind procedure
C) the case study
D) experimentation

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores?


A) mean
B) scatterplot
C) standard deviation
D) correlation coefficient

Correct Answer

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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.


A) the double-blind procedure
B) random sampling
C) positive expectations
D) statistical significance

Correct Answer

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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates


A) naturalistic observation.
B) the placebo effect.
C) overconfidence.
D) the standard deviation.

Correct Answer

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