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Exam 54: Community Ecology

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Question 1

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Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

A) limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
B) influence of temperature on competition among plants
C) influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
D) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

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Question 2

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One plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that ________.

A) tropical communities are younger
B) tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation
C) higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation
D) tropical regions have very high rates of immigration and very low rates of extinction

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Question 3

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In terms of community ecology, why are pathogens often more virulent now than in the past?

Which of the following measurements would be most helpful in understanding the structure of an ecological community? I.determining how many species are present overall II.determining which particular species are present III.determining the kinds of interactions that occur among individuals of the same species IV.determining the abundance of resources available for one species

According to the nonequilibrium model of community diversity, ________.

Which of the following statements is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

Red-cheeked salamanders are partially protected from predators because of cardiac glycosides they produce from glands on their back. When ingested, cardiac glycosides disrupt normal heart rhythms. A different salamander species, the imitator salamander, also has red cheek patches, but does not produce cardiac glycosides. It does gain protection from predators that have learned to avoid red-cheeked salamanders. How does this relationship affect the population dynamics of both species?

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model principles to answer the question. Which region would likely have the greatest species diversity?

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ________.

The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

In some circumstances, grasses that initially lose tissues from being consumed by animals such as elk or cattle regrow more than they would have otherwise, and benefit from the moderate levels of grazing. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction?

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement ________.

The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 kilometers in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to ________.

Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs?

Which of the following is a correct statement about MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model?

Use the figure to answer the following question. What conclusion can you draw from the figure?

Elephants are not the most abundant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands are converted to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following statements describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes, nor are they negatively affected by this interaction. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?