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Confirmation bias is the propensity to over-rely on information recollected from memory when making a decision.

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______ includes the changes in beliefs and behaviors of individuals working in an organization


A) People innovation
B) Exploratory innovation
C) Exploitative innovation
D) Process innovation

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Which type of decisions are generally made by following company policies and guidelines that have been put in place to deal with specific issues?


A) executive decisions
B) strategy decisions
C) programmed decisions
D) nonprogrammed decisions

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Billy is the star of his school's football team. He will not go out onto the field without his lucky sweatbands because he thinks that when he forgets his sweatbands, his team loses. Billy's decision to wear sweatbands is based on which error?


A) framing
B) uncertainty
C) randomness
D) lack of participation

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C

Which element below is not one of the steps outlined in the textbook of the innovation process?


A) problem-solving
B) implementation and diffusion
C) team-building
D) idea generation

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The final stage of the innovation process is ______.


A) implementation and diffusion
B) idea generation
C) problem-solving
D) brainstorming

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A

According to the textbook, in organizations where employees are expected to generate creative products, processes, and strategies ______ affect organizational behavior.


A) creativity and innovation
B) innovation and vision
C) vision and prescient
D) prescient and creativity

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A

Hunter, an art student, was struck by a debilitating injury. The resulting surgery left him with a shaky hand. Most people thought he'd never make art again. But, he found a way to use the constraints he was left with to his advantage. He came up with the idea for an entirely new style of art, using shaky lines. He looked at his "problem" in a totally different way and that made all the difference in his life. The new way of looking at his problem is an example of ______.


A) creativity
B) confirmation bias
C) expertise
D) vision

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Some research suggests that ______ often represents information we are already holding at an unconscious level, and thus it may actually lead to effective decisions.


A) anchoring
B) satisficing
C) intuition
D) bias

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Which element listed below is not a type of innovation in organizations explained in the textbook?


A) investigational
B) process
C) exploitative
D) organizational structure

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Annette contemplates enacting stricter sanctions and punishments for violations of safety standards at The Burger Joint. Alternatively, she considers implementing a reward system, such as bonuses or vacation time for low injury rates. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model?


A) generate multiple alternatives
B) identify and weigh decision criteria
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

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Anchoring and adjustment heuristics can lead us to ______, which is the tendency to over-rely on initial information while overlooking other important criteria.


A) availability bias
B) projection heuristics
C) confirmation heuristics
D) anchoring bias

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Jermaine works in the graphics section of his company. His boss asks him to come up with a new product logo. If he is a brand expert, he will draw on his knowledge and experience of certain brands to come up with creative responses that accurately represent the product. If he is not familiar with brand knowledge, then it will take longer to generate creative suggestions. This is an example of ______.


A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) extrinsic environmental components
D) creativity-relevant processes

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Narek and Milena have decided to donate 100 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches to feed the hungry. After only making 25 sandwiches the first hour, they decided to look at the way they were making the sandwich. Milena thought they should switch from each person completing an entire sandwich themselves to an assembly line. This proved to speed up the sandwich making. Which type of innovation does this scenario exemplify?


A) product
B) exploitative
C) process
D) exploratory

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Which step of the innovation process involves identifying any advantages and disadvantages associated with the innovation, exploring costs and value, and setting goals and priorities?


A) problem-solving
B) implementation and diffusion
C) brainstorming
D) idea generation

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Creative potential relates to the capacity to generate ideas where practiced creativity is spotting opportunities to apply these skills in the workplace.

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______ that provide appropriate rewards and feedback, and that encourage a collaborative environment, tend to possess a more creative culture.


A) Organizations
B) Work groups
C) Coordinators
D) Supervisors

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Tom, Susie, and Bill are tired of working for a large company. They want to start their own business. After meeting many times, Tom, Susie, and Bill are now committed to their product idea, but they now need to meet to discuss if they will sell their product in physical stores, online, or both. This meeting is an example of what stage in the innovation process?


A) idea generation
B) implementation and diffusion
C) selective refinement
D) problem-solving

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______ is the action or process of identifying a strategy to resolve problems.


A) Problem-solving
B) Decision-making
C) Nonprogrammed decision-making
D) Programmed decision-making

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______ aim for acceptable results rather than for the best or optimal solutions.


A) Tactical decisions
B) Strategic decisions
C) Operational decisions
D) Satisficing decisions

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