Question 1

Which of the following are avoided in most theories of social development?

Accepted Answer

A)  instincts
B)  imprinting
C)  brain systems
D)  genetic adaptations

Question 2

Children's _____ lead them to choose certain environments over others.

Accepted Answer

A)  personal characteristics
B)  temperament
C)  biological distributions
D)  genetic influences

Question 3

Evolutionary psychology is primarily concerned with

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of various levels of context on human development.
B)  understanding how humans are similar to and different from other animals, especially other primates.
C)  the differences between developing within species-typical environments and developing within species-atypical environments.
D)  the application of natural selection and adaptation to human behaviour.

Question 4

Which of these is NOT a goal theorized to be important by Erikson's first five stages of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiation
B)  trust
C)  identity
D)  initiative

Question 5

Ethological theorists draw a parallel between imprinting in other animals and _____ in humans.

Accepted Answer

A)  the extended period of immaturity
B)  play preferences of males and females
C)  innate visual preferences for an oval shape with more components in the top half
D)  the critical period for attachment

Question 6

Melissa uses time-outs for her child when he misbehaves, a practice based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement to misbehaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  whining
B)  learning
C)  withdrawal
D)  attention

Question 7

The macrosystem involves the

Accepted Answer

A)  settings in which the child is not a direct participant.
B)  temporal dimension.
C)  general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.
D)  activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

Question 8

Which statement presents an important aspect of learning theories that differs from psychoanalytic theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychoanalytic theories are based on observations, whereas learning theories are not.
B)  Learning theories are based on observations, whereas psychoanalytic theories are not.
C)  Learning theories are based on principles derived from experiments, whereas psychoanalytic theories are not.
D)  Psychoanalytic theories are based on principles derived from experiments, whereas learning theories are not.

Question 9

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is

Accepted Answer

A)  developing high standards.
B)  achieving a sense of autonomy.
C)  developing a sense of trust.
D)  mastering skills important to the culture.

Question 10

Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert."

Accepted Answer

A)  systematic desensitization
B)  operant conditioning
C)  classical conditioning
D)  role taking

Question 11

According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the _____ stage.

Accepted Answer

A)  genital
B)  phallic
C)  latency
D)  anal

Question 12

The behaviour modification strategy of time-outs is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  whining
B)  learning
C)  withdrawal
D)  attention

Question 13

Bernard believes that his intelligence is fixed and that there is little he can do to change it. When Bernard encounters failure, he would be expected to

Accepted Answer

A)  work persistently to solve the problem.
B)  believe that his failure is due to a lack of effort.
C)  believe he is still smart regardless of the failure.
D)  feel helpless.

Question 14

Describe the importance of play from the perspective of evolutionary psychology.

Accepted Answer

Many evolutionary psychology theorists h...

Question 15

Playing video games would be located in the _____ bioecological level.

Accepted Answer

A)  exosystem
B)  macrosystem
C)  microsystem
D)  mesosystem

Question 16

Which factor is NOT emphasized in ecological theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  sociocultural context
B)  continuity
C)  active role of the child
D)  genetic influences

Question 17

According to Freud, infants are in which stage of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  immediate gratification
B)  anal
C)  comfort
D)  oral

Question 18

For which of the following functions is the prefrontal cortex NOT responsible?

Accepted Answer

A)  emotion regulation
B)  language
C)  selective attention
D)  empathy

Question 19

_____ is part of the chronosystem.

Accepted Answer

A)  The societal belief that men should be breadwinners
B)  A father's job loss
C)  The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade
D)  A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

Question 20

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals

Accepted Answer

A)  can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them.
B)  are programmed to imitate others' behaviours and reactions.
C)  tend to repeat behaviours that lead to favourable outcomes and stop behaviours that result in unfavourable outcomes.
D)  are able to think and reason about their behaviours.

Exam 9: Theories of Social Development

Which statement presents an important aspect of learning theories that differs from psychoanalytic theories?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert."

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Children's _____ lead them to choose certain environments over others.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The behaviour modification strategy of time-outs is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the _____ stage.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Melissa uses time-outs for her child when he misbehaves, a practice based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement to misbehaviour.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the importance of play from the perspective of evolutionary psychology.

Correct AnswerverifiedMany evolutionary psychology theorists h...View AnswerShow Answer

The macrosystem involves the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bernard believes that his intelligence is fixed and that there is little he can do to change it. When Bernard encounters failure, he would be expected to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is part of the chronosystem.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of these is NOT a goal theorized to be important by Erikson's first five stages of development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which factor is NOT emphasized in ecological theories?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolutionary psychology is primarily concerned with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are avoided in most theories of social development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For which of the following functions is the prefrontal cortex NOT responsible?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Freud, infants are in which stage of development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Playing video games would be located in the _____ bioecological level.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ethological theorists draw a parallel between imprinting in other animals and _____ in humans.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Many evolutionary psychology theorists h...
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