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Exam 9: Conceptual Knowledge.

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types,jumping fromcategories results in the largest gain in information.

A) superordinate level to basic level
B) basic level to subordinate level
C) subordinate level to basic level
D) basic level to superordinate level

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Question 22

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Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

A) Exemplar
B) Network
C) Typicality
D) Prototype

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Question 23

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Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons,now calledneurons,activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray,but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label,like car or vehicle,and then,after a brief delay,saw a picture.The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category.Their results showed

Describe the prototype approach to categorization.Define prototype and give examples for the category of "clothing." Mention items that are high and low on prototypicality in the clothing category.Finally,describe the experiments that Rosch and her colleagues did to demonstrate the connections between prototypicality and behavior.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation,which refers to the property that

Explain priming in terms of spreading activation.Using a description of a lexical decision task,give an example of a prime-stimulus pair that would produce priming and another pair that would not.What do these priming effects tell us about categorization?

Explain cognitive economy as it applies to the semantic network approach.How are properties or characteristics represented within the semantic network? How is category relation represented within the semantic network? Explain how atypical category members are represented.

is a "typical" member of a category.

One of the key properties of theapproach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization,we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups.Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants.If we asked the groups to name,as specifically as possible,five different plants seen around campus,we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on thelevel,while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on thelevel.

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far,she has experienced only two dogs,one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd.On her third encounter with a dog,she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that,we can also reason that

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies.One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected.The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess.Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using theapproach to categorization.