Exam 8: The Rise of Universalizing Religions 300-600 Ce

A) Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the competing Chinese capitals of various Warring States.
B) Buddhism had already been widely adopted and would now develop its Chinese forms without continued influence from South Asia.
C) Buddhism had been outlawed as an example of negative foreign influence.
D) Buddhist thought found little support due to the violence and chaos of constant war.

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A) Brahmanic practices became increasingly centered in urban culture.
B) Brahmanic beliefs about ideal behavior became major literary topics.
C) Animal sacrifice became essential to Brahmanic practices.
D) Buddhist and Jainist practices were rejected.

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A) The yam
B) Manioc
C) The banana
D) Date palms

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In both sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas,it was not easy for ideas,institutions,peoples,and commodities to circulate broadly,because of ecological and geographical barriers.So,the religions that emerged here were more localized than universalizing.The Bantu were a group that migrated out of West Africa in two great waves.Their skill as agriculturalists and ability to smelt iron tools allowed them to settle in diverse environments and successfully adapt their methods to multiple ecological zones.This ecological diversity prevented the Bantu from establishing common political and social institutions.Instead,their political and social structures reflected the areas in which they settled.While the Eastern Bantu peoples lived in areas conducive to rule by kings,the Western Bantu established political and social order based on family and clan structures.Individuals,big men,would rise to the top based on their specific talents.What did provide unity for much of Sub-Saharan Africa was the Bantu language and cultural traditions such as the belief that nature was filled with spirits,including ancestral spirits,that needed to be placated by diviners. The Americas also lacked the integrating artery of a giant river,but despite this the Mayans developed a common culture that dominated large stretches of Mesoamerica through a series of kingdoms built around ritual centers rather than cities.They aggressively engaged in warfare and trade,expanding their control through tributary relationships.The extraordinary feature of Mayan society was that its people were defined not by a great ruler or great capital city,but by their shared religious beliefs,worldview,and sense of purpose.Thus,as with the Bantu,religion instead of politics was the uniting feature of the Mayans.However,unlike the Bantu,the Mayans achieved a unity through many villages linked by tribute payments.They may have numbered as many as 10 million,achieving bigness in a cultural system without big cities.

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A) Roman culture was strongest in Anatolia.
B) Its strategic location on the strait of Gibraltar,which controlled western Mediterranean Sea lanes
C) Constantine's birthplace was there,providing religious significance.
D) Its strategic location on the Bosporus,which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean

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D

A) Blending Christian and Jewish beliefs to create a new religion
B) Adopting the techniques of siege warfare from Alexander's heirs
C) Linking the two ends of the Silk Road through their oasis cities
D) Organizing the caravan trade across the Sahara Desert

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A) The Han were insulted that the Tuoba wanted to redistribute their land.
B) The Han nobility had all fled south,and Han peasants refused to work for the Tuoba.
C) The Han showed little interest in working with the Tuoba because they had little interest in farming.
D) Empress Fang had overreached her powers as regent,raising strong opposition to the Northern Wei dynasty.

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A) The Sasanian Empire's persecution of non-Zoroastrians
B) Universalizing religious communities spreading across Asia along trade routes
C) The lack of political unity in the Sasanian Empire
D) Merging Christian and Zoroastrian beliefs

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A) They maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft.
B) They refashioned the Chinese military traditions to emphasize the military practices of the nomadic tribes.
C) They abolished the practice of forced labor for large public projects.
D) They worked to systematically destroy all evidence of previous dynasties,especially the Han.

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A) Selecting Byzantium as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire
B) Instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law
C) Conquering the Sasanian Empire
D) Establishing fiscal responsibility by frugally controlling his personal expenses

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B

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A) He hoped to convince the bishops to pay taxes to support his army.
B) He wanted the support of the bishops to start a crusade against nonbelievers.
C) He hoped to bring unity to the diversity of beliefs within Christian communities.
D) He wanted the endorsement of the bishops when he seized the throne.

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A) The Hinayana school became a major universalizing religion,while the Mahayana school remained centered in South Asia.
B) The Hinayana school was accepted by Hinduism,while the Mahayana school was not.
C) The Mahayana school encouraged bhakti devotion,but the Hinayana school rejected it.
D) The Mahayana school accepted the divinity of both the Buddha and the bodhisattvas,while the Hinayana barred colorful idols of the bodhisattvas.

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The Mahayana school of Buddhism in parti...

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A) Eurasian elites achieved status through education,while "big men" relied on the support of their age groups.
B) Eurasian nobles were usually military leaders,while "big men" opposed territorial expansion.
C) "Big men" attracted followers based on valor and wisdom,while Eurasian nobility was based on inheritance.
D) Bantu ruling elders included women beyond childbearing age,while Eurasian elites rarely included women.

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A) The Huns prevented trade from following traditional routes.
B) It became the hub of a system that linked eastern and western Afro-Eurasia,as well as South Asia.
C) The Sasanian Empire brought it under its control.
D) Unusually warm weather destroyed pasturelands required by horse and camel caravans.

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