Question 1

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because

Accepted Answer

A)   they are neurologically more oriented to sweeter foods because of their resemblance to mothers' milk.
B)   children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain.
C)   although the inhibitory system of the pre-frontal cortex has developed, children do not yet call on strategies of inhibition.
D)   parents tend to not be too strict in controlling young children's eating behaviors compared to controlling older children.
E)   young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks.

Question 2

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

Accepted Answer

A)   low-income families.
B)   middle-income families.
C)   high-income families.
D)   divorced families.
E)   single-parent homes.

Question 3

Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)   Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles.
B)   Charles would be more likely to share his tokens equally than Eva.
C)   Eva would only be more likely to share than Charles if she came from a middle-class family.
D)   Charles would be more likely to share than Eva, but only if he was from an upper-class family.
E)   Regardless of cultural orientation, Eva and Charles would share the tokens equally.

Question 4

In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)   The children spend their tokens as they earn them to get as many prizes as possible.
B)   The children don't care about spending tokens, only completing the math problems.
C)   The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.
D)   The American children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.
E)   All the children spend some tokens for small prizes, but save the rest for a bigger prize.

Question 5

When Randy gets upset, his father typically sits down and talks to him about his feelings and what made him feel that way. Brandon's father, on the other hand, typically ignores him when he is upset or gets angry or tells him that he needs to control himself better. How could these differences in parenting styles impact each child's emotional development?

Accepted Answer

Randy is likely to develop effective emo...

Question 6

Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to

Accepted Answer

A)   distribute the cookies equally across everyone in the class.
B)   give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends.
C)   give only the smaller cookies to other children.
D)   share the cookies only with children she did not know.
E)   let the children choose which cookie they wanted.

Question 7

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to

Accepted Answer

A)   escalate his aggressive behavior.
B)   eventually stop pushing his sister.
C)   develop more cooperative behaviors.
D)   isolate himself from his family members.
E)   become more attached to his father.

Question 8

Explain why the use of corporal punishment is less likely to reduce unwanted behaviors in children.

Accepted Answer

There are two main reasons why corporal ...

Question 9

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

Accepted Answer

A)   Its effectiveness depends on the child also having a secure attachment with their parent.
B)   It is most often used among ethnic minority groups.
C)   Its efficacy in controlling unwanted behavior is higher in boys than girls.
D)   It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.
E)   The American Pediatric Association states that mild corporal punishment is beneficial. D

Question 10

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will

Accepted Answer

A)   choose to play with trucks because that is what she prefers to do.
B)   play with her doll because of her parents' praise.
C)   encourage her brother to play with her doll, too so he can be praised as well.
D)   consider both her parents' reactions and her own preferences when playing.
E)   continue engaging in play both with her doll and truck.

Question 11

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Older children are able to learn more effective moral reasoning skills by imitating the behaviors of their younger siblings.
B)   Younger children can mimic effective moral reasoning by copying the behaviors of their older siblings.
C)   Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.
D)   Sibling relationships are often contexts for moral strife and coercion, increasing the risk for unwanted, aggressive behaviors.
E)   Older children are more likely to show a decline in moral functioning following the birth of a sibling.

Question 12

Gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! His mother responded, "I know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend it and you will feel better." His mother's response would be an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   optimistic strategy.
B)   playful conversation.
C)   emotional coaching.
D)   false hope.
E)   indifferent parenting.

Question 13

Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   narrow thinking.
C)   essentialism.
D)   ethnocentrism.
E)   racial stability. C

Question 14

Mischel and Mischel's (1987)  famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later.

Accepted Answer

A)   inhibition-reward paradigm
B)   emotional control task
C)   delay of gratification task
D)   psychological limits assessment
E)   opportunity-reward test

Question 15

Explain how efforts to minimize emotional expression, typically seen in collectivistic cultures such as China, can both aid and inhibit emotional development in young children, compared to children raised in predominately individualistic cultures.

Accepted Answer

Restraint in emotional expression can le...

Question 16

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

Accepted Answer

A)   socialize children to have a greater understanding of subtle emotional contexts.
B)   struggle to socialize children from their culture.
C)   are more likely to reflect intensely of their own mental states.
D)   are more likely to talk about emotional states of self and other.
E)   are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

Question 17

Explain how researchers can use emotional vignettes to test a child's understanding of how situations can elicit emotions in people.

Accepted Answer

A researcher could read a short story to...

Question 18

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Mothers using strong emotion words to discuss a son's bravery during a scary experience
B)   A father discussing an exciting moment at a baseball game with his daughter
C)   Parents talking to their son about how excited he was to ride a roller coaster for the first time
D)   A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family
E)   A mother telling her son how strong he was to be able to carry his bicycle across the creek

Question 19

Explain why young children's moral reasoning skills break down when the situation involves equitable treatment between friends and non-friends.

Accepted Answer

Young children demonstrate the ability to make correct judgements about right vs wrong in straightforward situations involving moral transgressions; they can readilty differentiate between a moral vs a social transgression. However, at this age, they tend to have difficulty objectively reasoning about correct behavior in social situations involving their friends or individuals they identify as being "like them." Young children are more likely to show systematic preferential treatment towards members of their "in group," without understanding that the need to share equitably would apply in these situations as well.

Question 20

Explain how the cognitive developmental view of gender development addresses some major limitations posed by the social learning view.

Accepted Answer

Classic social learning theories ignore ...

Exam 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because

Correct Answer
verified

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

Correct Answer
verified

Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Randy is likely to develop effective emo...
View Answer

Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to

Correct Answer
verified

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to

Correct Answer
verified

Explain why the use of corporal punishment is less likely to reduce unwanted behaviors in children.

Correct Answer
verified
There are two main reasons why corporal ...
View Answer

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

Correct Answer
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D

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will

Correct Answer
verified

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of

Correct Answer
verified
C

Correct Answer
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Explain how efforts to minimize emotional expression, typically seen in collectivistic cultures such as China, can both aid and inhibit emotional development in young children, compared to children raised in predominately individualistic cultures.

Correct Answer
verified
Restraint in emotional expression can le...
View Answer

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how researchers can use emotional vignettes to test a child's understanding of how situations can elicit emotions in people.

Correct Answer
verified
A researcher could read a short story to...
View Answer

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?

Correct Answer
verified

Explain why young children's moral reasoning skills break down when the situation involves equitable treatment between friends and non-friends.

Explain how the cognitive developmental view of gender development addresses some major limitations posed by the social learning view.

Correct Answer
verified
Classic social learning theories ignore ...
View Answer

Exam 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedRandy is likely to develop effective emo...View AnswerShow Answer

Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain why the use of corporal punishment is less likely to reduce unwanted behaviors in children.

Correct AnswerverifiedThere are two main reasons why corporal ...View AnswerShow Answer

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how efforts to minimize emotional expression, typically seen in collectivistic cultures such as China, can both aid and inhibit emotional development in young children, compared to children raised in predominately individualistic cultures.

Correct AnswerverifiedRestraint in emotional expression can le...View AnswerShow Answer

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how researchers can use emotional vignettes to test a child's understanding of how situations can elicit emotions in people.

Correct AnswerverifiedA researcher could read a short story to...View AnswerShow Answer

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain why young children's moral reasoning skills break down when the situation involves equitable treatment between friends and non-friends.

Explain how the cognitive developmental view of gender development addresses some major limitations posed by the social learning view.

Correct AnswerverifiedClassic social learning theories ignore ...View AnswerShow Answer

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Randy is likely to develop effective emo...
View Answer

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There are two main reasons why corporal ...
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D

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C

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Restraint in emotional expression can le...
View Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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A researcher could read a short story to...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Classic social learning theories ignore ...
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