Question 1

Glial cells in the central nervous system can myelinate _______ section(s)  of an axon; glial cells in the peripheral nervous system can myelinate _______ section(s)  of an axon.

Accepted Answer

A)   one; one
B)   several; several
C)   several; one
D)   one; several
E)   no; several F)  several; no

Question 2

Glial cells play important roles during the development of the adult nervous system. Describe one such glial cell and the part it plays in development.

Accepted Answer

During CNS developme...

Question 3

Describe at least one way in which waves of a certain ion can begin propagating through networks of glial cells.

Accepted Answer

Waves of calcium ions can begi...

Question 4

Describe which glial cells respond to lesions and how they assist with clearing the lesion site.

Accepted Answer

Microglial cells are able to m...

Question 5

Given the role that myelination plays, describe how the behavior of an organism with inadequate myelination might differ from one with proper myelination.

Accepted Answer

Organisms with inadequate myel...

Question 6

Some glial cells have been shown to be especially apt at myelination, even myelinating synthetic material. This fact suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)   glial cells can myelinate any cell.
B)   myelination must be inhibited to avoid over-myelination.
C)   myelination is an efficient process.
D)   glial cells must undergo cell death to avoid over-myelination.
E)   new axons cannot be myelinated.

Question 7

Certain glial cells can release growth factors and neurotrophin-3, which have effects on the development of neurons. What does this fact suggest about glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   They contribute to action potentials.
B)   They contribute to neuroplasticity.
C)   They contribute to CNS immune responses.
D)   They contribute to synaptic pruning.
E)   They contribute to clearing of debris.

Question 8

You are a graduate student conducting an experiment in which you are using an intracellular electrode to record the membrane potential of an optic neuron when exposed to a very brief (0.1 second)  flash of light. To your surprise, the optic neuron's membrane potential is recording at -90 mV and there is a longer-than-expected delay between the flash of light and depolarization of the neuron. You report your findings to the lab PI, who responds,

Accepted Answer

A)   "The organism likely has a mutation which causes their neurons to have lower resting potentials."
B)   "You likely placed the electrode in an adjacent glial cell."
C)   "The organism has improper myelination, resulting in a slower-than-normal response to light."
D)   "Glial cells can cause neurons to have lower resting potentials; remove the glial cells and try again."
E)   "You placed the electrode in the neuron's cell body instead of its axon."

Question 9

Which statement about microglia is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   They develop from the neural crest and are found in the central nervous system.
B)   They develop from the neural crest and are found in the peripheral nervous system.
C)   They develop from the mesoderm and are found in the central nervous system.
D)   They develop from the mesoderm and are found in the peripheral nervous system.
E)   They develop from the neural tube and are found in the central nervous system.

Question 10

Glial cells are implicated in the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters. One of these is glutamate, an excess of which can activate certain receptors in neurons, leading to calcium entry and

Accepted Answer

A)   over-myelination.
B)   increased conduction velocity.
C)   release of other neurotransmitters.
D)   lower resting potential.
E)   cell death.

Question 11

Certain glial cells can change shape when responding to an injury. How does changing from star-shaped, to globular, to round-shaped body help in this response?

Accepted Answer

A)   It allows the glial cell to travel throughout the CNS.
B)   It allows the glial cell to send signals to damaged neurons.
C)   It allows the glial cell to replicate.
D)   It allows the glial cell to engage in phagocytosis, clearing debris.
E)   It allows the glial cell to form new myelin around damaged neurons.

Question 12

Glial cells generally have different resting membrane potentials than neurons. What is one consequence of this?

Accepted Answer

A)   Glial cells can continuously uptake potassium ions over a concentration gradient.
B)   Glial cells can send faster signals to one another.
C)   Glial cells can release more sodium ions to the extracellular space.
D)   Glial cells can uptake more water from the extracellular space over a concentration gradient.
E)   Glial cells can serve as effective insulators for axons.

Question 13

Typical neural development involves pruning of excess connections between neurons, but this process fails without the presence of immunological complement receptor 3 (CR3) . Which type of glial cell expresses CR3?

Accepted Answer

A)   Astrocytes
B)   Microglia
C)   Oligodendrocytes
D)   Schwann cells
E)   Radial glial cells

Question 14

Like immune cells, _______ have specialized receptors for _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   astrocytes; cytokines
B)   oligodendrocytes; adenosine
C)   microglia; cytokines
D)   astrocytes; glutamate
E)   microglia; adenosine

Question 15

Observing microglial cells in living tissue has revealed that these cells

Accepted Answer

A)   are able to change structure to become more like oligodendrocytes.
B)   extend fine processes throughout the environment and contact surrounding cells.
C)   transport calcium ions to neurons.
D)   are unchanging from the time an organism reaches adulthood.
E)   are responsible for blood clotting in injured adult brains.

Question 16

Gaps in the myelin sheath around axons contribute to the increased velocity of conduction down axons because

Accepted Answer

A)   the nodes contain higher concentrations of potassium pumps.
B)   ions can only flow into the axon via these nodes.
C)   the nodes are impermeable to ions.
D)   microglial cells make contact with the axon at the nodes in the CNS.
E)   water can flow into the axon via these nodes.

Question 17

Why might it be advantageous for glial cells to serve as a "buffer" between capillaries and neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)   Glial cells can increase the speed of transfer of neurotransmitters to neurons.
B)   Capillaries can easily burst, which could damage neurons.
C)   Glial cells can help regulate blood flow in relation to neural activity.
D)   Neurons can send neurotransmitters through capillaries to other neurons.
E)   Capillaries contain toxins that can kill neurons through direct contact.

Question 18

Astrocytes placed in culture also containing T lymphocytes, a type of immune cell, have been shown to

Accepted Answer

A)   attack T lymphocytes.
B)   both stimulate and suppress activity of T lymphocytes.
C)   only suppress activity of T lymphocytes.
D)   only stimulate activity of T lymphocytes.
E)   myelinate T lymphocytes.

Question 19

One consequence of gap junction connections between glial cells is

Accepted Answer

A)   faster transport of neurotransmitter molecules between glial cells.
B)   lower intracellular concentrations of potassium, allowing for continuous reuptake of potassium.
C)   higher intracellular concentrations of potassium, slowing down reuptake of potassium.
D)   easier transfer of nutrients between glial cells.
E)   higher concentration gradients between glial cells.

Question 20

The blood-brain barrier serves important functions. Describe its main function and suggest potential consequences if the blood-brain barrier did not exist.

Accepted Answer

The blood-brain barrier protec...

Exam 10: Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Correct Answer
verified

Why might it be advantageous for glial cells to serve as a "buffer" between capillaries and neurons?

Correct Answer
verified

Some glial cells have been shown to be especially apt at myelination, even myelinating synthetic material. This fact suggests that

Correct Answer
verified

Describe which glial cells respond to lesions and how they assist with clearing the lesion site.

Correct Answer
verified
Microglial cells are able to m...
View Answer

Which statement about microglia is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Glial cells generally have different resting membrane potentials than neurons. What is one consequence of this?

Correct Answer
verified

Certain glial cells can release growth factors and neurotrophin-3, which have effects on the development of neurons. What does this fact suggest about glial cells?

Correct Answer
verified

Typical neural development involves pruning of excess connections between neurons, but this process fails without the presence of immunological complement receptor 3 (CR3) . Which type of glial cell expresses CR3?

Correct Answer
verified

Glial cells play important roles during the development of the adult nervous system. Describe one such glial cell and the part it plays in development.

Correct Answer
verified
During CNS developme...
View Answer

The blood-brain barrier serves important functions. Describe its main function and suggest potential consequences if the blood-brain barrier did not exist.

Correct Answer
verified
The blood-brain barrier protec...
View Answer

Astrocytes placed in culture also containing T lymphocytes, a type of immune cell, have been shown to

Correct Answer
verified

Certain glial cells can change shape when responding to an injury. How does changing from star-shaped, to globular, to round-shaped body help in this response?

Correct Answer
verified

Gaps in the myelin sheath around axons contribute to the increased velocity of conduction down axons because

Correct Answer
verified

Glial cells are implicated in the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters. One of these is glutamate, an excess of which can activate certain receptors in neurons, leading to calcium entry and

Correct Answer
verified

Observing microglial cells in living tissue has revealed that these cells

Correct Answer
verified

Describe at least one way in which waves of a certain ion can begin propagating through networks of glial cells.

Correct Answer
verified
Waves of calcium ions can begi...
View Answer

Given the role that myelination plays, describe how the behavior of an organism with inadequate myelination might differ from one with proper myelination.

Correct Answer
verified
Organisms with inadequate myel...
View Answer

Glial cells in the central nervous system can myelinate _ section(s) of an axon; glial cells in the peripheral nervous system can myelinate _ section(s) of an axon.

Correct Answer
verified

One consequence of gap junction connections between glial cells is

Correct Answer
verified

Like immune cells, _ have specialized receptors for _.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 10: Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why might it be advantageous for glial cells to serve as a "buffer" between capillaries and neurons?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some glial cells have been shown to be especially apt at myelination, even myelinating synthetic material. This fact suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe which glial cells respond to lesions and how they assist with clearing the lesion site.

Correct AnswerverifiedMicroglial cells are able to m...View AnswerShow Answer

Which statement about microglia is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Glial cells generally have different resting membrane potentials than neurons. What is one consequence of this?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Certain glial cells can release growth factors and neurotrophin-3, which have effects on the development of neurons. What does this fact suggest about glial cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Typical neural development involves pruning of excess connections between neurons, but this process fails without the presence of immunological complement receptor 3 (CR3) . Which type of glial cell expresses CR3?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Glial cells play important roles during the development of the adult nervous system. Describe one such glial cell and the part it plays in development.

Correct AnswerverifiedDuring CNS developme...View AnswerShow Answer

The blood-brain barrier serves important functions. Describe its main function and suggest potential consequences if the blood-brain barrier did not exist.

Correct AnswerverifiedThe blood-brain barrier protec...View AnswerShow Answer

Astrocytes placed in culture also containing T lymphocytes, a type of immune cell, have been shown to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Certain glial cells can change shape when responding to an injury. How does changing from star-shaped, to globular, to round-shaped body help in this response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gaps in the myelin sheath around axons contribute to the increased velocity of conduction down axons because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Glial cells are implicated in the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters. One of these is glutamate, an excess of which can activate certain receptors in neurons, leading to calcium entry and

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Observing microglial cells in living tissue has revealed that these cells

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe at least one way in which waves of a certain ion can begin propagating through networks of glial cells.

Correct AnswerverifiedWaves of calcium ions can begi...View AnswerShow Answer

Given the role that myelination plays, describe how the behavior of an organism with inadequate myelination might differ from one with proper myelination.

Correct AnswerverifiedOrganisms with inadequate myel...View AnswerShow Answer

Glial cells in the central nervous system can myelinate _______ section(s) of an axon; glial cells in the peripheral nervous system can myelinate _______ section(s) of an axon.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One consequence of gap junction connections between glial cells is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Like immune cells, _______ have specialized receptors for _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Microglial cells are able to m...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
During CNS developme...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
The blood-brain barrier protec...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Waves of calcium ions can begi...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
Organisms with inadequate myel...
View Answer

Glial cells in the central nervous system can myelinate _ section(s) of an axon; glial cells in the peripheral nervous system can myelinate _ section(s) of an axon.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Like immune cells, _ have specialized receptors for _.

Correct Answer
verified