Exam 3: Groups and Their Functions

A) people who reported using the Internet more also reported being more lonely.
B) people who reported using the Internet less also reported being more lonely.
C) people who were more lonely logged on more often.
D) people who were more lonely used chat rooms more frequently.

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A) Costs minus rewards.
B) Rewards minus costs.
C) Costs times rewards.
D) Costs divided by rewards.

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A) be positively correlated.
B) be negatively correlated.
C) only be correlated when people are in groups.
D) only be correlated when people engage in downward comparison.

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A) participants preferred to wait with others who were undergoing the same severe shock.
B) participants preferred to wait with others undergoing a less severe shock.
C) participants preferred to wait with others who had already experienced the shocks.
D) participants preferred to wait with others who had not yet experienced the shocks.

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A) we focus on others to gain status.
B) we focus on others to increase belonging.
C) we focus on others to learn about our abilities and opinions.
D) we focus on others to make them like us.

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A) people responded faster to traits that were both self-descriptive and descriptive of the in-group.
B) people responded faster to traits that were self-descriptive than to traits that were descriptive of the in-group.
C) people responded faster to positive self-traits than to positive in-group traits.
D) people responded faster to negative self-traits than to negative in-group traits.

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A) social equity.
B) social exchange.
C) scratch-your-back policy.
D) self-esteem maintenance.

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A) Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted adherence to social exchange.
B) Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted violations of social exchange.
C) Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of positive emotions.
D) Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of negative emotions.

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A) people prefer to maintain both their independence and their connections with others.
B) people are not able to maintain both their independence and their connections with others.
C) people have higher self-esteem when they express their independence.
D) people have higher self-esteem when they express their connections with others.

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The principle of optimal distinctiveness...

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Social identity develops during childhood and continues to evolve throughout adolescence and adulthood. It is shaped by the groups we belong to, such as family, friends, school, work, and community organizations. These groups provide us with a sense of belonging, purpose, and shared values, which contribute to our social identity. For some people, social identity may be derived from their cultural or ethnic background, religious beliefs, or political affiliations. For others, it may come from their hobbies, interests, or career choices. In any case, social identity is an important aspect of our self-concept and influences how we perceive ourselves and others. If individuals are unable to gain social identity, they may experience feelings of isolation, low self-esteem, and a lack of purpose. This can lead to negative outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal. In some cases, individuals may seek out alternative groups or communities in an attempt to find a sense of belonging and identity. Overall, social identity is a fundamental aspect of human development and plays a significant role in shaping our relationships, behaviors, and attitudes. It is important for individuals to have opportunities to connect with groups that provide a positive and supportive social identity, as this can contribute to their overall well-being and sense of belonging.

A) Interdependence and the desire for positive outcomes.
B) Understanding others and changing outcomes.
C) Group belonging and social identity.
D) Group status and cohesion.

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Social support refers to the assistance ...

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Social exchange theory is based on the i...

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Social comparison is the process of eval...

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A) Social belonging.
B) Social identity.
C) Attachment style.
D) Affiliation tendency.

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A) Women preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas men preferred to wait alone.
B) Men preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas women preferred to wait alone.
C) The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait alone for the shocks to begin.
D) The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait with others for the shocks to begin.

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A) People desire to maximize their outcomes.
B) People wish to maximize their belonging to social groups.
C) The behavior of human beings is determined by attempts to meet the goals of survival and reproduction.
D) Social groups are relatively new phenomena in human evolution.

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C