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Exam 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change

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Question 41

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In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake,relief was slow in coming and looting was commonplace.For those who were caught stealing other people's possessions,"mob justice" became an issue.This illustrates which theory?

A) convergence
B) contagion
C) emergent norm
D) circular reaction

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Question 42

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New social movement theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality,as sources of collective action and social movements.

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Question 43

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__________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.

An example of a __________ is the proliferation of "bloggers" on the Internet and social networking sites.

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.__________ framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions.

__________ movements seek to bring about a total change in society.These movements usually do not attempt to work within the existing system; rather,they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones.

Summarize the key elements of these four explanations of collective behavior: contagion theory,social unrest and circular reaction,convergence theory,and emergent norm theory.

__________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

Ecofeminism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that __________ is a root cause of environmental problems.

Radical terrorists who use fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically are examples of __________ movements.

According to the text,which of the following is true of rumors?

__________ movements seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure.Members usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy so that it more adequately reflects their own value system.

Discuss possibilities of the future of social change.

In the __________ stage of a social movement,people begin to organize and to publicize the problem.At this stage,some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels.

Sociologist __________ suggested a classic "trickle-down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

A number of factors contribute to ___________,including social movements,population trends,technological development,and social institutions.

Based on sociologist Neil Smelser's value-added theory,the structured strain condition states that when a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,strain occurs in the system.The ensuing tension and conflict contribute to the development of a social movement based on people's belief that the problem would not exist if authorities had done what they were supposed to do.

According to sociologist Robert Park,social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction-the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.

A __________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

In the 1960s,African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change.When these types of protests escalate into violent confrontations,these groups become __________ crowds.