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In a democracy, it is assumed that elected representatives should implement the policies favored by the people. Discuss how often public opinion actually influences government policy in the United States and whether government is equally responsive to all members of the public. Is there any evidence that government policy might influence public opinion?

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The practice of push polling involves


A) polling services attempting to sell their polling data to major news media organizations at higher prices during election seasons.
B) the procedure of asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent's opinion.
C) the effect of polls having to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt.
D) the system of repeatedly calling people in the sampling frame until they respond to the survey.

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In the 2012 presidential election, Gallup surveys significantly overestimated


A) Latino support for Mitt Romney.
B) African American support for Barack Obama.
C) Caucasian support for Mitt Romney.
D) Native American support for Mitt Romney.

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Describe how public opinion is measured and some of the challenges that arise with polling. Specifically, discuss what sampling is, why sampling is used, and how the problems of social desirability effects, selection bias, the bandwagon effect, and push polling undermine survey research.

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What is the difference between a value and a political ideology? Describe some of the characteristics and beliefs that define liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism in contemporary American politics. What are the main differences between liberalism and conservatism in terms of their emphasis on core American values?

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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between public opinion and government policy?


A) Public opinion always shifts in opposition to government policy once the policy has been implemented.
B) Public opinion always shifts in favor of government policy once the policy has been implemented.
C) Shifts in public opinion always lead to changes in government policy.
D) Although there is no one-to-one correlation between public opinion and government policy, shifts in public opinion on particular issues frequently lead to changes in government policy.

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In international affairs, conservatism has come to mean


A) support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.
B) opposition to military intervention and the ramping down of American military power.
C) opposition to the United States' membership in the United Nations.
D) opposition to the continued existence of the European Union.

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Which of the following statements about the ideological preferences of Americans is true?


A) More Americans have identified themselves as liberals than as conservatives over the last 20 years.
B) The percentage of Americans identifying themselves as liberals has increased significantly since the 1990s.
C) More Americans have identified themselves as liberals than as moderates over the last 20 years.
D) The percentage of Americans who consider themselves moderates, liberals, or conservatives has remained relatively constant for the past 15 years.

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Opposition to legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________, while support for legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________.


A) liberals; conservatives
B) conservatives; liberals
C) libertarians; conservatives
D) conservatives; libertarians

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The process by which political values are formed is known as


A) political socialization.
B) ideological education.
C) brainwashing.
D) value enhancing.

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Why does the marketplace of ideas often have a moderating effect on people's opinions?


A) Given constant exposure to other people's ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one's own viewpoints.
B) Moderate ideas usually have the best financial backing and the greatest publicity.
C) Those who shop in the marketplace of ideas typically start with moderate viewpoints.
D) Moderate ideas are always closest to the truth and, therefore, are most successful in the marketplace of ideas.

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A frequent cause of measurement error in polls is due to


A) unresponsiveness.
B) poorly worded questions.
C) push polling.
D) the increased use of cell phones.

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Who exposed the Watergate scandal?


A) journalists at the Washington Post
B) journalists at the Boston Globe
C) journalists at the Indianapolis Star
D) journalists at the Los Angeles Times

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The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that values are


A) conservative, while attitudes are liberal.
B) liberal, while attitudes are conservative.
C) held for a short term, while attitudes are held for a long term.
D) basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.

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The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of the


A) importance of political knowledge.
B) importance of self-interest.
C) importance of political efficacy.
D) "spiral of silence."

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Which of the following statements about public opinion is true?


A) Shifts in public opinion on particular issues can lead to changes in public policy.
B) Elected officials are rarely constrained to by public opinion.
C) Liberal states have no conservative laws.
D) Public opinion is generally well informed in the United States.

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What is one of the main differences between those who have gone to college and those who have not?


A) Those with a college education are less likely to believe that women and men should have equal roles.
B) Those with a college education are more likely to believe that abortion should never be allowed.
C) There is a higher level of political participation among those with a college education.
D) There is a lower level of political participation among those with a college education.

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During the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary, George W. Bush supporters telephoned conservative white voters to ask if they would be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if they knew he had fathered an illegitimate black child. This was an example of a


A) push poll.
B) bandwagon poll.
C) saliency illusion.
D) nonresponse bias.

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Libertarianism is a political ideology that


A) argues that governments are inherently repressive and should be abolished entirely.
B) argues that a single ruler should have total control over every aspect of people's lives.
C) argues for the need to place strict limitations on voting rights and civil liberties.
D) emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.

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Which of the following statements about public opinion in America is most accurate?


A) Political knowledge is fairly high in America.
B) Citizens with low levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information and determine its relevancy to their beliefs.
C) Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.
D) Politically knowledgeable citizens are more likely to consider themselves independent and not have a liberal or conservative ideology.

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