Exam 8: Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence

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Two main hypotheses seek to account for ...

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Coalition behavior requires sophisticate...

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A) Natural selection does this; most mammals will eventually evolve the ability to have multiple offspring per litter.
B) The number of offspring per litter has no effect on reproductive success because in most cases only one survives anyway.
C) Reproducing involves a number of trade-offs, including quantity (number) versus quality of offspring. Larger litters mean lower-quality individual offspring.
D) It is not possible to change the number of offspring per litter in mammals; all mammals have about the same number of offspring.

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A) Number of estrous cycles versus female's life span
B) Number of adult males versus number of adult females in a group.
C) Sex ratio of offspring versus quantity of offspring
D) Quality versus quantity of offspring.

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A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 30%

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A) that suffer intense predation pressure.
B) that experience a juvenile phase.
C) whose members are able to invest more energy in growth and maintenance.
D) that are subjected to severe competition for nutritional resources needed for reproduction.

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A) recognize the sound of their own kin.
B) like their offspring.
C) are subordinate to their offspring.
D) are located in the center of vervet troops.

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A) home range size.
B) nocturnal activity patterns.
C) forms of tool use.
D) the amount of fruit in the diet.

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A) does not require understanding conceptual categories like dominance hierarchies.
B) requires theory of mind.
C) involves knowing the mental states of others.
D) is a level of learning that all animals possess.

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A) social challenges.
B) foraging challenges.
C) mating challenges.
D) ranging challenges.

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A) which monkey provides the best alarm calls.
B) how to deceive other monkeys to gain hidden food.
C) rank relationships among other individuals.
D) how to choose related individuals from pictures.

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A) long life histories.
B) slow life histories.
C) intermediate life histories.
D) fast life histories.

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A) are related to their differences in physical cognition.
B) do not exist because both have a theory of mind.
C) seem to reflect the specialized skills humans evolved for living and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups.
D) are manifested within the act of deception.

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A) smaller brain and body sizes.
B) longer gestation times.
C) shorter life spans and higher rates of mortality.
D) a menopausal stage.

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A) are more folivorous than their ancestors.
B) have greater dexterity in their hands than their ancestors.
C) are more likely to live in variable environments than their ancestors.
D) have larger social groups than their ancestors.

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A) In larger groups, competition for food, mates, grooming partners, and other valuable resources selects for intelligence.
B) In many primates, formation of social bonds used in coalitions, exchange networks, and access to resources selects for intelligence.
C) The stresses of keeping track of social relationships in large groups select for intelligence in monkeys that live in large groups.
D) The great apes are the most intelligent, have the largest brains, and live in the largest and most complex social groups.

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