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Stars form from a collapsing cloud that fragments into smaller and smaller pieces. This process takes about


A) 10,000 years.
B) 25,000 years.
C) 100,000 years.
D) a few million years.
E) 100 million years.

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Contrast the chemical composition of interstellar gas with that of interstellar dust.

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Gas is almost all hydrogen and...

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Why can we say a star spends its life trying to maintain equilibrium?

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A star is only stable when the...

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What are the characteristics of an open cluster of stars?


A) Mostly found above and below the galactic plane
B) Old age and millions of members
C) A few hundred, mainly main sequence stars
D) All stars are much more massive than our Sun.
E) All stars are about the same age and luminosity.

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A high-mass star dies more violently than a low-mass star because


A) it must always end up as a black hole.
B) it generates more heat and its core eventually collapses very suddenly.
C) it cannot fuse elements heavier than carbon.
D) gravity is weakened by its high luminosity.
E) it is most often found as part of a binary system.

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A solar mass star will evolve off the main sequence when


A) it completely runs out of hydrogen.
B) it expels a planetary nebula to cool off and release radiation.
C) it explodes as a violent nova.
D) it builds up a core of inert helium.
E) it loses all its neutrinos, so fusion must cease.

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The shell ejection in making a planetary is spherical and symmetrical in all cases.

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Compared to our Sun, a typical white dwarf has


A) about the same mass and density.
B) about the same mass and a million times higher density.
C) a larger mass and a 100 times lower density.
D) a smaller mass and half the density.
E) a smaller mass and twice the density.

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If the initial interstellar cloud in star formation has a mass sufficient to form hundreds of stars, how does a single star form from it?


A) One star forms at its center and blows the rest of the matter back into space.
B) The cloud fragments into smaller clouds and forms many stars at one time.
C) One star forms and the rest of the matter goes into making planets, moons, and other objects of a solar system.
D) The cloud is disrupted by rotation so that it reduces its mass down to that of a typical star.
E) A supernova blows the cloud up and dissipates the majority of the gas.

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Why can radio waves get through the dust clouds, but light is blocked?

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The interstellar dust grains a...

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How has the chemical composition of the core of the Sun changed in the past 4.5 billion years? Are earthlings (if any) likely to freeze in another 4-5 billion years? Explain.

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The core of the Sun had an initial compo...

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What are black dwarfs?


A) The lowest mass main sequence stars
B) The end result of massive star evolution
C) Objects that are not quite massive enough to be stars
D) Pulsars that have slowed down and stopped spinning
E) Cooled off white dwarfs that no longer glow visibly

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What event marks the birth of a new star?

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The ignition of nucl...

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The Main Sequence is the first stellar stage in which energy produced by ________ balances the energy lost by radiation from the surface of the star.

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fusion (of hydrogen ...

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When a star becomes a red giant, its core expands to a roughly proportional larger size too.

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An interstellar gas cloud has the mass to form hundreds of stars. What generally happens to it?

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The cloud fragments ...

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What are the characteristics of globular cluster stars?


A) No stars as hot as our Sun
B) Old age and hundreds of thousands to millions of member stars
C) No main sequence stars left, with billions of member stars
D) A few hundred stars, most still on the main sequence
E) Hundreds of light years across, with bright OB stars dominant

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What is causing the Trifid Nebula to glow?

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In this nebula, there is a single energe...

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The Trifid Nebula is an example of a(n) ________ nebula.

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The stars found in nebulae like the Orion Nebula probably formed


A) within the last few million years.
B) about 10 million years ago.
C) hundreds of millions of years ago.
D) billions of years ago.
E) at the beginning of the universe.

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