A) Equality is a principle that is fundamental to the American political culture.
B) The concept of equality expressed in the Declaration of Independence was an attempt to abolish the institution of slavery.
C) Throughout the history of the United States, various groups have struggled for political equality.
D) No consensus exists about the exact definition of the term.
E) Abraham Lincoln did not include equality for women in his arguments for equality.
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A) political equality
B) social equality
C) economic equality
D) civil equality
E) civil rights
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A) Rational Basis Standard
B) Minimum Scrutiny Standard
C) Intermediate Scrutiny Standard
D) Strict Scrutiny Standard
E) Nondiscrimination Standard
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The methods of achieving civil rights ha...View Answer
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A) pacification
B) remission
C) accommodation
D) racialization
E) Jim Crow
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A) political equality
B) social equality
C) economic equality
D) liberty
E) social stratification
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A) equal opportunities for women in education and the workforce
B) affirmative action policies for women in schools and places of employment
C) half of all admissions slots to law schools and medical schools are to be awarded to females
D) equal pay for equal work
E) the right of women to vote
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A) civil disobedience
B) retribution
C) litigation
D) legal boycott
E) lobbying
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D
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A) nonviolent civil disobedience
B) legal boycott
C) litigation
D) riot
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A
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A) social
B) political
C) voting
D) economic
E) legal
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The Jim Crow laws were a series of state...View Answer
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A) strike
B) work stoppage
C) litigation
D) legal boycott
E) civil disobedience
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A) Jim Crow laws
B) Tuskegee laws
C) equality statutes
D) racial ordinances
E) race protection acts
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A) invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws
B) prohibited discrimination by employers and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination
C) banned poll taxes in federal elections
D) banned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizen's civil rights a federal crime
E) banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations, including those that were privately owned
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Compelling state interest, intermediate scrutiny, and rational basis scrutiny are three different standards used by courts to evaluate the constitutionality of laws or government actions.
Compelling state interest is the highest standard of review and is applied when a fundamental right or a suspect classification is at stake. Under this standard, the government must demonstrate that the law or action serves a compelling state interest and is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest. This standard is used in cases involving issues such as race, religion, or fundamental rights like freedom of speech or the right to vote.
Intermediate scrutiny is a mid-level standard of review and is applied when a law or action involves a quasi-suspect classification, such as gender or legitimacy. Under this standard, the government must show that the law or action is substantially related to an important government interest. This standard is often used in cases involving gender discrimination.
Rational basis scrutiny is the lowest standard of review and is applied to most laws or government actions. Under this standard, the government only needs to show that the law or action is rationally related to a legitimate government interest. This standard is used in cases involving economic or social regulations.
The adoption of each standard can significantly affect the chances of a statute being found unconstitutional. Laws or government actions that are subject to compelling state interest scrutiny are more likely to be found unconstitutional because they must meet a very high standard of justification. On the other hand, laws subject to rational basis scrutiny are more likely to be upheld as constitutional because they only need to have a rational relationship to a legitimate government interest. Intermediate scrutiny falls somewhere in between, with laws being more likely to be upheld than under compelling state interest scrutiny, but less likely than under rational basis scrutiny.
In summary, the standard of scrutiny applied by the court can have a significant impact on the constitutionality of a law or government action, with higher standards making it more difficult for the government to justify its actions and increasing the likelihood of a statute being found unconstitutional.
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A) The case strengthened the Fourteenth Amendment's protections and advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans.
B) The justices ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional.
C) The justices ruled that Congress had overstepped its authority in its initial passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and in the freeing of slaves in southern states.
D) The ruling declared that the great body of civil rights still lay under the protection of the state governments, not the U.S. Constitution.
E) The case gave the Congress all powers to decide the level and reach of civil rights in the United States.
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A) remove legal barriers to voter participation, including literacy tests and property requirements
B) require African Americans to prove that they are descendants of slaves before being allowed to register to vote
C) make all elections a function of the federal government instead of the states
D) ensure an African American senator from every state within 50 years
E) reinstate the racial restrictions on voter registration, especially in southern states
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A) forced discrimination
B) civil disobedience
C) de facto discrimination
D) de jure discrimination
E) racial discrimination
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The concept of equality is a fundamental...View Answer
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A) create a sharp divide in society
B) use passive resistance to disobey what they believe to be an unjust law and to bring attention to a cause
C) overwhelm the legal system by flooding the courts with arrests and minor criminal cases
D) illustrate their desire to overthrow the American political system
E) frustrate the citizens as a form of retribution against them for discriminatory practices
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