Exam 12: Nigeria

A) A close relationship between the United States and Nigeria began during the Cold War when Nigerian governments generally aligned their foreign policies with that of the United States.
B) The United States buys about 8 percent of its oil exports from Nigeria and this has generally muted its criticism of Nigerian domestic politics.
C) Since 9/11, Nigerian and American military forces have cooperated in joint anti-terror exercises on the African continent.
D) A sizeable Nigerian diaspora exists in the United States and has recently begun to exercise some influence over American foreign affairs.
E) Nigeria modeled its presidential and federal systems on those of the United States.

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A) redirecting it towards peacekeeping exercises.
B) paying it off in the form of substantial increases in defense spending.
C) forming a civilian police force that acts as a check on military power.
D) charging and convicting military officers with human rights abuses.
E) instituting more ethnic quotas as a means to divide it.

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A) stable coalitions that balance power among the competing groups.
B) replacing the system of competitive oligarchy that currently exists with a more representative one.
C) the creation of a viable multiethnic opposition party.
D) further decentralization of power.
E) all of the above.

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A) Both promised plans to return the country to civilian rule then regularly delayed the implementation of these plans.
B) Both converted themselves into civilian presidents by officially retiring from their military positions.
C) Both manipulated ethnic groups in order to maintain their rule.
D) Both set up "transitionary governments" that were meant to fail and thus allow the military to again intervene.
E) Both established single-party regimes under their leadership.

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A) It has provided enormous revenues that have been channeled by the state to benefit wide sectors of society.
B) It has provided enormous revenues but has also fostered a neglect of other economic sectors.
C) It has provided enormous revenues that have been used to invest in the country's infrastructure so as to increase manufacturing.
D) It has provided enormous revenues that have been used to finance the domestic production of technology for additional extraction.
E) It has had all of the above effects.

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A) direct actions like strikes and protests.
B) forming relations with the National Assembly and state legislatures.
C) forming close relations with political parties.
D) establishing close ties to state officials.
E) exposing government corruption.

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The dominance of Nigeria's economy by th...

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A) They have consistently been divided along ethnic lines.
B) They have consistently been divided along ideological lines.
C) They are elite-centered structures that lack an ideological basis and exist mostly to capture power.
D) They compete vigorously at the local and state level but not at the federal level.
E) They have consistently been divided along religious lines.

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A) It has forced elites to bargain and compromise.
B) It has widened the circle of corruption.
C) It has eased ethnic tensions.
D) It has increased the national appeal of parties.
E) It has had all of these effects.

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A) colonialism hinders even resource-rich countries from developing.
B) political and institutional development and stability and sound economic policy are necessary for growth.
C) exploitation by multinational corporations can impoverish even resource-rich countries.
D) resources alone provide a poor basis for economic development.
E) global financial institutions work to the disadvantage of poor nations.

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A) A strong sense of nationalism developed in response to outside interference
B) A lack of a sense of national identity, instead remaining loyal to their ethnic, regional, and religious groups
C) A weak sense of nationality leading to strong support for regional integration
D) A strong sense a unified concept of Nigerian citizenship
E) A weak sense of national unity leading to support for separatist movements

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A) gender.
B) religion.
C) ethnicity.
D) military branch.
E) both religion and ethnicity.

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A) The People's Democratic Party (PDP)
B) The All Nigerian People's Party (ANPP)
C) The Action Congress (AC)
D) The National Party of Nigeria (NPN)
E) The Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)

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A) ethnicity.
B) culture.
C) religion.
D) ideology.
E) All of the above represent ties through which patrons and clients are tied together in Nigeria.

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A) It has borne a disproportionate share of the costs associated with the Economic Community of West African States.
B) Nigeria remains an important oil producer, which gives it some voice in regional and global politics.
C) It played a leading role in transforming the Organization for African Unity into the African Union.
D) It adopted a nonaligned stance during the Cold War insisting that this conflict had little to do with African politics.
E) Its leaders have helped to mediate crises in the region.

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A) the "northernization" policies of the First Republic.
B) the deaths of many northern officials in a coup.
C) ethnic violence directed against Igbos in northern Nigeria.
D) massive protests by Nigerian civil society groups, organized along ethnic lines, against the government.
E) All of the above contributed to the civil war.

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A) a decision regarding electoral laws that contravened the wishes of the ruling party.
B) a decision against the governors of Nigerian states regarding the control of offshore gas reserves.
C) decisions that have overturned numerous gubernatorial and legislative election results.
D) a review of a presidential election.
E) All of the above is evidence that the judiciary is becoming more independent since the return to civilian rule.

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