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After a year of controversial public debate, the state legislature passed a law last month prohibiting a certain form of conduct. In response, a local prosecutor charged Sam with violating the law based on the conduct Sam committed 6 months ago. What is the appropriate challenge to the prosecution?


A) The prosecution is valid because the public was on notice that the law might be passed.
B) The prosecution is invalid because it violates the prohibition against ex post facto laws.
C) The prosecution is valid because it upholds the doctrine of legality.
D) The prosecution is invalid because it violates the prohibition against bills of attainder.

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The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted cross burning as a form of hate speech, regardless of the intent.

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Which of the following best characterizes the evolution of the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment?


A) The court has expanded its interpretation of the Second Amendment, holding that gun ownership for self-defense is a legitimate exercise of the right to bear arms.
B) The court has held that any restriction on gun ownership is unconstitutional.
C) The court has reaffirmed that gun ownership must be linked to the preservation of a well-regulated militia.
D) The court has reaffirmed that the Second Amendment protections are limited to weapons that existed at the time that the Second Amendment was drafted.

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Individual rights and liberties need to be balanced against the need for social order and stability.

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A law that requires individuals to be a certain age before obtaining a driver's license is likely subject to what form of scrutiny?


A) strict scrutiny
B) maximum scrutiny
C) rational basis test
D) intermediate scrutiny

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