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Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because they __________.


A) prefer to repeat items over and over to remember
B) are not able to remember familiar, repeated events
C) prefer to intentionally group items that are alike to remember
D) are not skilled at using memory strategies

Correct Answer

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Jenny is considering choosing not to immunize her newborn son due to a suggested link between a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines and autism. Jenny should know that large-scale studies show __________ association with autism.


A) no
B) weak
C) modest
D) strong

Correct Answer

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Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to __________.


A) decide for herself when and how much to eat
B) ask her mother to make her a meal
C) wait until the family's set mealtime to eat
D) make a pretend meal for herself and her dolls to "eat"

Correct Answer

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Children with autism __________.


A) have narrow and overly intense interests
B) have smaller-than-average brains
C) engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children
D) excel in imitating others

Correct Answer

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Guided participation __________.


A) is a narrower concept than scaffolding
B) involves spontaneous interaction with the environment
C) calls for the verbal presentation of knowledge
D) allows for variations across situations and cultures

Correct Answer

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According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because young children __________.


A) fail to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from their own
B) egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events
C) cannot mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction
D) believe that physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

Correct Answer

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Yucatec Mayan parents __________ their preschoolers.


A) rely on conversation to teach
B) spend very little time with
C) rarely converse or play with
D) engage in rough-and-tumble play with

Correct Answer

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Four-year-old Noam focuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Noam's thinking is __________.


A) animistic
B) magical
C) egocentric
D) operational

Correct Answer

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By age 4 to 5, __________.


A) the brain increases from 40 percent to 60 percent of its adult weight
B) many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses
C) growth in the prefrontal-cortical area slows to near-adult levels
D) synaptic pruning slows or ends

Correct Answer

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Preschoolers who spend more time engaged in __________ play are better at inhibiting impulses and regulating emotions.


A) block
B) sociodramatic
C) gross-motor
D) independent

Correct Answer

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Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?


A) Reward her with dessert if she eats the new food.
B) Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.
C) Add salt or sugar to the new food to increase her willingness to eat it.
D) Make her stay at the table until she takes a few bites of the new food.

Correct Answer

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Research with the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) early childhood subscales reveals that preschoolers who develop well intellectually have __________.


A) parents who resolve conflicts with punishment
B) parents who stimulate language
C) few educational toys or books
D) low scores in emotional support

Correct Answer

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In addition to acquiring vocabulary and grammar, 4-year-old Kenotae is learning to engage in effective and appropriate communication. Kenotae is learning to master the social side of language, __________.


A) phonetics
B) linguistics
C) pragmatics
D) semantics

Correct Answer

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Lia lacks growth hormone (GH) . Without medical intervention, Lia will probably __________.


A) be much taller than the average adult
B) grow slowly throughout childhood and then grow at a normal rate
C) reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet
D) be intellectually disabled

Correct Answer

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When preschoolers are given tasks that are simplified and relevant to their everyday lives, they __________.


A) cannot reason effectively
B) do not infer others' intentions
C) do not display the illogical characteristics that Piaget saw in the preoperational stage
D) cannot engage in reasoning by analogy about physical changes

Correct Answer

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Picture-book reading with adults is an especially rich context for __________.


A) reasoning by analogy
B) category learning
C) developing reversibility
D) acquiring conservation

Correct Answer

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Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. has a grasp of __________.


A) ordinality
B) cardinality
C) chronological order
D) one-to-one correspondence

Correct Answer

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Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism __________.


A) more often use mental state words like believe, think, and feel
B) are impaired in theory of mind
C) are advanced in joint attention and social referencing
D) excel in generating plans and inhibiting irrelevant responses

Correct Answer

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By age 2, children __________.


A) take turns in face-to-face interaction
B) can infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention
C) adjust their speech to fit the age of their listeners
D) adjust their speech to fit the social status of their listeners

Correct Answer

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The __________ maintains alertness and consciousness.


A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) reticular formation

Correct Answer

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