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Exam 27: (AP) Government Civics, Foreign Service Officer Test Fsot

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Question 1

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The Supreme Court today upheld the validity of the 1990 census, ruling unanimously that the federal government had no constitutional obligation to adjust the results to correct an acknowledged undercount in big cities and among minorities . . . . At the core of the legal challenge to the 1990 census was the racially disparate undercount, the existence of which no one disputed. The census missed about 2 percent of the population as a whole, some four million people. But it missed 4.8 percent of the Black population and 5.2 percent of the Hispanic population. - The New York Times, 3/21/1996 The situation described is important because census data are used to:

A) decide how many people should be drafted into the military
B) decide how much federal income tax citizens in different states must pay
C) determine how many seats states get in the Senate
D) determine how many seats states get in the House of Representatives

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D

Question 2

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In recent years, United States policy toward China has been confused. China is the world's most populous country and a major military power, and has become an increasingly valuable trading partner. It has been the view of Presidents, therefore, that it is in the United States interest to remain on good terms with the Beijing government. However, the human rights situation in China shows few signs of improving. In addition, the end of the Cold War has made the political logic of a close relationship with China less compelling. The trade relationship has been, to put it mildly, strained. The Chinese leadership has not responded to quiet diplomacy. It is, therefore, time to reconsider our relationship and break off diplomatic relations with China. - The Madison Daily News If a President wanted to influence the Chinese government, which of the following steps would he be most likely to take first?

A) Order a full stoppage of United States trade with China
B) Impose sanctions on other countries that trade with China
C) Impose limited economic sanctions on China
D) Impose a military blockade of Chinese harbors

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Question 3

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If Public Question 1 is approved by the voters, it will give the state the ability to

America is . . . the great Melting Pot! Here you stand, good folk, think I, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your fifty groups, with your fifty languages and histories, and your fifty blood hatreds and rivalries. But you won't be long like that, brothers . . . Into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American. - Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot, 1908 Which of the following phenomena does the passage celebrate?

School years are the time when the physical, psychological, and addictive effects of drugs are most severe . . . . Deterring drug use by our nation's schoolchildren is at least as important as enhancing efficient enforcement of the nation's laws against the importation of drugs. - Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (1995) By the reasoning of today's decision, the millions of these students who participate in interscholastic sports, an overwhelming majority of whom have given school officials no reason whatsoever to suspect they use drugs at school, are open to an intrusive bodily harm . . . . Many schools, like many parents, prefer to trust their children unless given reason to do otherwise. - Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing in dissent Justice Scalia would most likely agree with the idea that drug testing in schools:

We have a constitutional system that so fragments and divides power that it's impossible to give this country effective, long-run leadership . . . . The system has led to an inability to plan and get on top of problems ahead of time. Even at best, this country has always been twenty to sixty years behind other industrial democracies in dealing with tough problems. -James MacGregor Burns, 1988 Which aspect of United States government might Burns cite to support his argument?

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following.The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent.Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence.If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply.What is one power, not specified in the War Powers Act, that Congress can effectively use to limit the military authority of the President?

We have a constitutional system that so fragments and divides power that it's impossible to give this country effective, long-run leadership . . . . The system has led to an inability to plan and get on top of problems ahead of time. Even at best, this country has always been twenty to sixty years behind other industrial democracies in dealing with tough problems. -James MacGregor Burns, 1988 Parliamentary systems might not show the same fragmentation that Burns finds in the American system because in parliamentary systems

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Under what historical circumstances was the Fourteenth Amendment, quoted above, passed?

Most democratic countries elect legislatures through one of two types of electoral systems: single-member district or proportional representation. In single-member district systems, citizens in specific areas vote for candidates who represent their districts. In proportional representation systems, citizens in the country vote for political parties. Parties are then awarded seats in the legislature proportionate to the percentage of the vote they have won. In other words, if a party wins 20 percent of the vote, it receives 20 percent of the seats in the legislature. Why will countries with proportional representation systems tend to have more political parties than those with single-member district systems?

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. - First Amendment to the United States ConstitutionEveryone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. - Article 22 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Why have documents such as the United Nations Universal Declaration been opposed by some citizens in the United States?

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court Which part of the United States Constitution did the Court most likely use to support its decision?

The United States is not a fully democratic country. The framers of the Constitution created a system in which majorities-even large majorities or their representatives in Congress-do not have the right to do anything and everything they want. The framers of the Constitution wanted to limit the power of majorities in order to:

On May 17, 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that laws mandating racially segregated public school systems were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later argued that federal courts should take steps to bring about the integration of segregated school systems "with all deliberate speed." In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called on the National Guard to turn away nine African American students as they attempted to enter Central High School in Little Rock. President Eisenhower, who did not support the Brown decision, called out federal troops to protect the rights of the African American students to attend the school. President Eisenhower called out federal troops because he:

The Second World War marked the most substantial change ever in the context in which United States foreign policy is made. The world that emerged after the war had fundamentally changed in economic, political, and military ways. These changes made the world a more dangerous place, and altered the demands placed on foreign policy. As a result of the Second World War, international politics changed from a system:

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following. The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent.Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence. If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply. Part of the War Powers Act may violate the principle of separation of powers. This part gives Congress the power to:

The United States is not a fully democratic country. The framers of the Constitution created a system in which majorities-even large majorities or their representatives in Congress-do not have the right to do anything and everything they want. Which aspect of the American system of government shows one of the limits on the power of majorities discussed above?

Most democratic countries elect legislatures through one of two types of electoral systems: single-member district or proportional representation. In single-member district systems, citizens in specific areas vote for candidates who represent their districts. In proportional representation systems, citizens in the country vote for political parties. Parties are then awarded seats in the legislature proportionate to the percentage of the vote they have won. In other words, if a party wins 20 percent of the vote, it receives 20 percent of the seats in the legislature. Which of the following is the best argument that a proportional representation system is better than a single-member district system?

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court How did the decision affect the relationship between the federal government and state and local governments?

"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. . . . A law repugnant to the constitution is void." The decision in Marbury v. Madison, quoted above, argues that the judiciary should serve as: