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Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that


A) the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.
B) the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of guanine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of thymine.
C) the concentration of adenine is twice the concentration of thymine and the concentration of cytosine is twice the concentration of guanine.
D) the concentrations of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are all equal.

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Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the body to the respiratory and circulatory systems.

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DNA is packaged into chromosomes to


A) compact the large amount of DNA into each cell.
B) keep the DNA organized and accessible to the cell.
C) fit within the nucleus of the cell.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

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Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods) . This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods) . Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?


A) The law of segregation
B) The law of independent assortment
C) The law of pedigrees
D) The law of dominance

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Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means


A) two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
B) only one copy of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
C) at least one copy of each recessive allele must be present for each gene involved in sickle-cell disease in order for the disease to be expressed.
D) the environment can alter the expression of recessive genes, meaning any combination of alleles can cause the disease if the right environmental conditions are encountered.

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Human skin cells have two copies of each chromosome, one from the biological mother and one from the biological father. Having two copies of a chromosome is called ______; it is sometimes abbreviated as 2n.

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Which of the following is an example of a phenotype influenced by the environment?


A) Blood type
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Melanin production
D) Sickle-cell

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DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.


A) thymine; cytosine
B) cytosine; thymine
C) guanine; adenine
D) cytosine; adenine

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The role of vectors in gene therapy is to


A) deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.
B) increase gene expression of the newly delivered gene.
C) replace the mutated gene with the correct gene in the cells of interest.

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During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?


A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) RNA polymerase

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______ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations.


A) Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
B) Sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes
C) Homologous chromatids; sister chromosomes
D) Sister chromosomes; homologous chromatids

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Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of the two strands of DNA?


A) The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.
B) The two strands of DNA are parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.
C) The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. Both strands are oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.
D) The two strands of DNA are parallel. Both strands are oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

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Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell?


A) To unpackage and unwind DNA so that enzymes can access the individual genes.
B) To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus.
C) To retrieve amino acids and bring them to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide.
D) To edit the mRNA strand and make it ready to leave the nucleus.

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Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.


A) anemia
B) chest pain and shortness of breath
C) a decrease in gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

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Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when


A) homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.
B) sister chromatids come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.
C) random chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.
D) sister chromatids align randomly on the metaphase plate before they are separated.

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For the following pedigree showing the inheritance of a recessive genetic disease, what does the green square in the fourth generation represent? 11ee40c6_182d_0567_b977_b121b2a87927


A) A female with the disease
B) A male with the disease
C) A female without the disease
D) A male without the disease

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All genetic traits must be inherited. Explain why this is True.

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The statement "All genetic traits must b...

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Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.


A) carbon monoxide
B) bicarbonate ions
C) carbonic acid
D) hydrogen ions

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During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by DNA polymerase to produce a ______ strand of DNA.


A) template; newly synthesized
B) newly synthesized; template
C) RNA; daughter
D) daughter; RNA

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During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?


A) Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.
B) The DNA of the stem cells is removed completely and replaced with a new genome that carries the normal gene.
C) The cells are treated with high doses of radiation to destroy any faulty genes. Then, viruses act as vectors to replace those faulty genes with normal ones.
D) The mRNA of the stem cells is completely removed and used to create new normal genes that are then injected into the nucleus of the stem cells.

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