A) reduced methylphenidate-induced dopamine release in the dorsal striatum compared to controls (non cocaine-using individuals) .
B) damage to the striatum caused by repeated cocaine exposure.
C) increased baseline D2 receptor binding.
D) Both a and c
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A) Despite their compulsive drug use, people diagnosed with cocaine abuse or dependence do not show significant abnormalities on standard tests of cognitive function.
B) Any cognitive deficits observed in cocaine abusing/dependent individuals must have been caused by their drug use, since numerous longitudinal studies have demonstrated that these individuals had normal cognitive function prior to the onset of drug use.
C) Some abnormalities in cognitive function have been related to reduced gray matter volume of specific brain areas, based on MRI studies.
D) Loss of white matter is the most important effect of cocaine that results in cognitive deficits.
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A) behavioral tolerance to the drug.
B) reduced stimulation-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
C) up-regulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors.
D) Both a and b
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A) psychosis and flashbacks.
B) enhanced cognition.
C) increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.
D) premature aging.
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A) Amphetamine is metabolized quickly, whereas methamphetamine is degraded slowly.
B) Methamphetamine users frequently go on binges or "runs" of IV use; this is rare with amphetamine users.
C) A form of methamphetamine can be taken by smoking.
D) Methamphetamine is much more expensive to make than amphetamine.
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A) HCR and LCR rats differ in their responses to cocaine despite being genetically identical.
B) LCR rats express more dopamine transporters in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum than HCR rats.
C) HCR rats show greater levels of extracellular dopamine than LCR rats, under drug-free conditions.
D) When the animals are given a moderate dose of cocaine, extracellular dopamine levels increase more in the LCR rats than in the HCR rats.
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A sympathomimetic drug is one that produ...View Answer
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A) high anxiety level.
B) impulsivity.
C) disruptive and unruly behavior.
D) hyperkinesis.
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A) dopamine is not important for cocaine's reinforcing effects.
B) blockade of the dopamine transporter plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine.
C) the mutant dopamine transporter is unable to take up dopamine from the synaptic cleft.
D) these mutant mice are able to experience cocaine reward but not cocaine reinforcement.
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B
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A) "high"; increased D1 receptor binding
B) tolerance; release of glutamate
C) craving; release of dopamine
D) relapse; increased D1 receptor binding
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People may initiate cocaine use to satis...View Answer
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The drugs are atomoxetine, which is a selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter, and clonidine and guanfacine, both of which are selective \(\alpha_{2A}\)adrenergic receptor agonists. These drugs would be expected to have significantly less abuse potential than traditional psychostimulant medications used to treat ADHD.
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A) irritability and anxiety.
B) increased sexual interest.
C) delusions.
D) violence.
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A) Vasoconstriction
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Hypothermia
D) Hypotension
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A) It is a psychomotor stimulant.
B) It is an alkaloid that comes from the leaves of a bush.
C) Coca chewing is no longer practiced in South America.
D) It has been used in religious and ceremonial rituals.
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A) is a safe and top-selling herbal remedy, also known as "ma huang."
B) was banned by the FDA after many adverse reactions were reported.
C) has no effect on appetite or weight, in spite of advertisers' claims.
D) has dangerous effects on the parasympathetic nervous system.
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A) Ritalin
B) Ephedrine
C) Vyvanse
D) Strattera
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B
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A) The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected for only a few hours after the last dose of drug.
B) Rapid absorption occurs with intravenous and smoked forms of cocaine.
C) Cocaethylene is a metabolite of cocaine and alcohol that exerts an effect similar to cocaine, but that lasts for a longer time.
D) Smoking crack cocaine is addictive because the brain receives a large surge of drug, even though its effects don't last very long.
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A) Cannabis
B) Cocaine, including crack cocaine and cocaine base
C) Heroin and other opiate drugs
D) Amphetamine-type stimulants
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In cocaine tolerance, there is reduced i...View Answer
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