A) against treating cultures as isolated phenomena.
B) that even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare.
C) that language must have originated among the Neandertals.
D) that biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity.
E) that general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology.
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A) medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology
B) archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology
C) biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
D) genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics
E) primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology
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A) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success.
B) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations.
C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior.
D) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it.
E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.
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A) Each subfield studies human variation through time and space.
B) Each subfield studies the human capacity for language.
C) Each subfield studies human biological variability.
D) Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space.
E) The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident.
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A) any nation usually contains diverse and even conflicting cultural values, and these cultural values are not static.
B) the key reason for the poor track-record of U.S. diplomacy begins with failures in the American school system.
C) some aspects of culture are more biologically determined than others.
D) cultural values regarding bodily touch and personal space are very difficult to change from one generation to another.
E) homosexuality is becoming more prevalent, and more accepted, among teenagers.
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A) academic anthropology and applied anthropology
B) ethnology and public ethnography
C) cultural resource management and medical anthropology
D) private anthropology and public anthropology
E) applied anthropology and practicing anthropology
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A) examples of primitive thinking from tribal societies.
B) nothing, since anthropology focuses on culture and psychology concentrates on personality.
C) prehistoric analysis.
D) a humanistic approach to psychology.
E) a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology.
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A) acculturation
B) ethnology
C) enculturation
D) ethnography
E) biological adaptation
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A) cultural means of adaptation
B) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research
C) a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving
D) social institutions, such as the state that coordinates collective action
E) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality
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A
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Anthropology, sociology, psychology, and history are all academic disciplines that study various aspects of human societies, behaviors, and cultures, but they each have their own distinct focus and methodologies.
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. It is a broad field that encompasses various subfields such as cultural anthropology, which examines cultural norms and values; archaeology, which explores past societies through their material remains; linguistic anthropology, which investigates language and communication; and biological or physical anthropology, which looks at the biological development of humans and their ancestors.
Sociology, on the other hand, is the study of social behavior, society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture that surrounds everyday life. It focuses on the social systems and structures that organize societies, such as institutions, social groups, and social stratification.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It is concerned with understanding individual and group behavior, cognitive processes, emotional states, and the factors that influence mental health and human development.
History is the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. Historians examine and interpret archival materials, artifacts, and other historical sources to understand how societies, cultures, and civilizations have evolved over time. They focus on the chronological narrative of events and the context in which these events occurred.
While anthropology, sociology, and psychology often emphasize contemporary cultures and societies, history primarily looks at the past. However, there are areas where history and anthropology intersect, particularly in the subfield of historical anthropology, which combines historical methods and anthropological perspectives to understand how cultures and societies change over time.
Anthropologists may use historical documents to contextualize their ethnographic studies, while historians may use anthropological theories to better understand the cultural implications of historical events. Both fields are interested in the human experience, but anthropology tends to focus more on cultural practices, beliefs, and the diversity of human societies, while history is more concerned with the sequence of events, the causes and effects of those events, and the narrative of human progress and change.
In summary, while anthropology, sociology, psychology, and history share some commonalities in their interest in human behavior and societies, they each approach their studies with different emphases and methodologies. Anthropology's broad scope encompasses the cultural, social, linguistic, and biological aspects of humanity, both past and present, while history specifically focuses on understanding the past and how it has shaped the present.
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A) An explanation must show how and why the thing to be understood is associated with or related to something else. Theories require covariation: when one thing (a variable) changes, the other one varies as well. Associations provide explanations for both explanations and theories.
B) They mean the same thing.
C) An explanation must show how and why the thing to be understood is associated with or related to something else. Associations require covariation: when one thing (a variable) changes, the other one varies as well. Theories provide explanations for associations.
D) Explanations and associations are explained by theories, which are observed relationships between two or more variables.
E) An explanation must show how and why the thing to be understood is associated with or related to something else. Thus, explanations and associations are the same thing. A theory is a suggested but as yet unverified explanation.
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A) short-term physiological adaptation
B) cultural adaptation
C) symbolic adaptation
D) genetic adaptation
E) long-term physiological adaptation
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A) Freud's work is worthless once taken out of its particular cultural context (patriarchal Austria during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries) .
B) psychology and anthropology have little relevance to each other, since the former focuses on the individual and the latter studies cultures and societies as a whole.
C) psychologists are not willing to step out of their tightly controlled laboratories, and anthropologists are too focused on finding exotic exceptions to every possible human universal.
D) researchers cannot get at what is in people's minds, only at what they say and do.
E) individual psychology is molded in a specific cultural context.
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A) is unique to European anthropology.
B) was more important than an interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology.
C) proved early on that culture is a function of race.
D) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S.
E) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach.
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The biocultural perspective refers to th...View Answer
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False
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There are several limits to when and whe...View Answer
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A) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations.
B) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic.
C) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago.
D) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture.
E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments.
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