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Exam 9: Race and Ethnicity

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Question 1

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According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.

A) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) ​unprejudiced discriminators
C) ​prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) ​prejudiced discriminators

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Question 2

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Explain split-labor-market theory in relation to unequal racial and ethnic relations within the United States.

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The term split labor market refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant- group) workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate-group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions. According to this perspective, white workers in the upper tier use racial discrimination against nonwhites to protect their positions.​

Question 3

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In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.

A(n) __________ is a person or group that becomes an object of aggression and is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. ​

Commercialization of sports has put an end to racial discrimination.

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group memberagainst a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.

Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?​

Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.

According to sociologist Robert Blauner, groups that have been subjected to __________ remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States.

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society

Discriminatory acts are always accompanied by prejudiced attitudes.

Although the United States has claimed Puerto Rico as a territory since 1917, Puerto Ricans are not considered citizens of the United States.

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.

Oliver Cox, applying a class perspective on racial inequality, has suggested that African Americans were enslaved because __________.

Explain the distinction between overt and subtle racism; give an example of each.

Define prejudice and stereotypes; explain the relationship between the two concepts.

__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.

Race has much more significance socially than it does biologically.