Exam 27: B: Physiology of the Respiratory System

A) less than in the alveolar air.
B) greater than in the alveolar air.
C) equal to the alveolar air.
D) greater than arterial blood.

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A) dyspnea.
B) apnea.
C) Biot breathing.
D) Cheyne-Stokes respiration.

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A) 55%
B) 63%
C) 82%
D) 97%

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A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebrum

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A

A) Sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles
B) Sternocleidomastoid and intercostals
C) External intercostals and pectoralis muscles
D) Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

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A) compliance.
B) elastic recoil.
C) expiration.
D) ventilation.

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A) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
B) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lungs, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
C) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lung, air flows away from this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.
D) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows up this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.

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A) 550
B) 400
C) 300
D) 250

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The diving reflex, also known as the mammalian diving response, is a physiological response to immersion in water, particularly cold water, that occurs in mammals, including humans. This reflex is an evolutionary adaptation that allows the body to conserve oxygen and prioritize its delivery to vital organs during periods of submersion, enabling longer periods of breath-holding underwater. When a mammal's face is submerged in cold water, several automatic responses are triggered: 1. Bradycardia: The heart rate slows down significantly. This is the most notable aspect of the diving reflex. The reduction in heart rate decreases the body's overall oxygen consumption, ensuring that the limited oxygen reserves last longer. 2. Peripheral vasoconstriction: The blood vessels in the extremities (arms and legs) constrict, which reduces blood flow to these non-essential areas. This helps to redirect blood to the core of the body and vital organs such as the brain and heart, which are more critical for survival. 3. Blood shift: As the pressure increases with depth during a dive, the body responds by shifting blood from the thoracic cavity to the pulmonary vessels to prevent the lungs from collapsing under pressure. This also contributes to protecting the organs from the effects of increased external pressure. 4. Splenic contraction: In some mammals, the spleen contracts during the diving reflex, releasing a reserve of red blood cells into the bloodstream. This increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, providing an additional oxygen boost. The diving reflex is more pronounced in aquatic mammals, such as seals and dolphins, which have evolved to maximize their ability to dive deep and stay underwater for extended periods. In humans, the reflex is less pronounced but still present and can be observed in free divers who train to enhance their breath-holding capabilities. The diving reflex can also have practical applications in medicine, such as in the treatment of certain types of abnormal heart rhythms, where inducing the reflex can help to reset the heart's rhythm. Additionally, it has been studied for its potential protective effects during incidents of accidental submersion in water, particularly in young children, who may exhibit a stronger diving reflex compared to adults.

A) Dyspnea
B) Cheyne-Stokes respiration
C) Eupnea
D) Hypoventilation
E) Biot breathing
F) Hyperventilation
G) Hyperpnea
H) Orthopnea
I) Apneusis
J) Apnea

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A) Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2
B) Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, decreased PO2
C) Decreased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, increased PO2
D) Decreased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2

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Based on the description provided, Georg...

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A) Dalton
B) Henry
C) Boyle
D) Charles

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A) thoracic cavity has a difficult time lowering the internal pressure below the lower atmospheric pressure.
B) lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less.
C) lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is greater.
D) physiological dead air space increases and atmospheric pressure decreases.

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B

A) cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura.
B) a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere.
C) a decrease in alveolar pressure.
D) an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about -6 to -4 mm Hg.

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A) Transport of gases
B) Gas exchange in lungs and tissue
C) Control of cell metabolism rate
D) Pulmonary ventilation

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A) 23
B) 160
C) 300
D) 590

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To calculate Steve's inspiratory reserve...

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