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Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

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Question 1

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Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr. Moynihan.

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Students should draw three scatterplots....

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Question 2

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While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

A) The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph
B) The measurement of two variables
C) The use of a correlation coefficient
D) The interrogation of internal validity

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Question 3

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Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) The "not sig." in Dr. Guidry's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). How strong is the external validity of Dr. Moynihan's study? How does the fact that she finds no differences in the associations in men and women also speak to the study's external validity?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr. Moynihan's study makes her findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r) ?

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Examining Dr. Moynihan's study and using the three criteria of causation, why can she not say that the number of panic attacks in the past month causes one to have fewer nightmares in the same month?

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores .

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?