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Exam 5: Learning

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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Ahoma Inc. hands out its best performer award on a weekly, monthly, or quarterly basis. The employees consistently work hard as they are unaware of when the award will be handed out. In this scenario, Ahoma Inc. reinforces its employees' performance based on a _____. 

A) fixed-ratio schedule  
B) fixed-interval schedule  
C) variable-ratio schedule  
D) variable-interval schedule

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Question 22

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In the context of operant conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as__________. 

A) positive punishment  
B) negative reinforcement  
C) negative punishment  
D) positive reinforcement

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Question 23

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People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of__________. 

In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________. 

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n) __________. 

In the context of fear-reduction techniques, behavior therapists frequently prefer__________, in which the client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed. 

With a _____, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches. 

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____. 

Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey's instructor is training her by _____. 

__________is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced. 

In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to__________of the conditioned response. 

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?  

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to _____. 

In the context of reinforcement schedules, commuter trains that arrive at platforms at specific times are on a__________. 

Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her. 

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a__________. 

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of _____. 

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called__________. 

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____. 

In a__________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.