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The group of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study is known as the ____________________.

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When variability in a data set is large,the standard deviation will be ____; when variability is small,the standard deviation will be ____.


A) large; small
B) large; large
C) small; large
D) small; small

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The primary reason for the ethical dilemmas psychologists encounter regarding the use of deception in research reflects concerns


A) whether the deception affects all participants equally.
B) for the well-being of animals used in research.
C) about the possibility of inflicting harm on human subjects.
D) whether subjects believe the deception.

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A researcher who is conducting an opinion survey asks viewers who are watching a political debate to dial a 1-800 number and record their opinion to the "question of the day." In this case the researcher is likely to have


A) a representative sample.
B) a random sample.
C) a biased sample.
D) a random population.

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Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines


A) the testing approach.
B) the survey approach.
C) the experimental approach.
D) naturalistic observation.

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The goals of the scientific enterprise in psychology are to describe,understand,predict and control behavior.

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The various methods and procedures used in conducting psychological research and evaluating the research of other psychologists are consistent with which unifying theme in psychology?


A) psychology is empirical
B) psychology is theoretically diverse
C) our behavior is determined by multiple causes
D) our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage

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A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform.Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard,the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt.In this study,the dependent variable would be


A) the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to.
B) the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions.
C) the gender of the person driving into the parking lot.
D) the distance between the parking spot and the entrance.

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In experimental research,the variable that the researcher measures because it is thought to be affected by the manipulation of another variable is the


A) extraneous variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) independent variable.
D) controlled variable.

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Suppose researchers find a negative relationship between alcohol consumption and the number of correct responses on a skills test: the more alcohol consumed the lower the score.Which of the following fictitious statistics could possibly represent that correlation?


A) -4.57
B) -0.87
C) +0.91
D) +0.00

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Most psychological journal articles include an abstract,an introduction,methods,results and discussion section and a list of bibliographic references.

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The two major advantages of the scientific method are its ____________________,or the fact that it requires that people specify exactly what they are talking about and its intolerance of error.

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When research results are said to be statistically significant it means that


A) the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.
B) the observed findings are important.
C) the observed findings are interesting.
D) the observed findings and both important and interesting.

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The research method that is often used to obtain information concerning individuals' behaviors,attitudes,and/or opinions is the


A) case study method.
B) naturalistic observation method.
C) correlation method.
D) survey method.

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Hypotheses are typically expressed as


A) theories.
B) variables.
C) predictions.
D) statistics.

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A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is a(n)


A) variable.
B) hypothesis.
C) theory.
D) operational definition.

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According to APA ethical guidelines,psychological studies may not rely on the use of deception unless the subject's privacy could be compromised.

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Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning the results of the research study by Rosenthal and Fode described in the text book?


A) Half of the experimenters were told that the ratings would average -5 and half were told to expect ratings of +5.
B) The experimenters were prevented from conversing with their subjects.
C) The experimenter's expectations influenced the ratings given by the subjects.
D) A double blind procedure was used in the study.

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If a college professor surveyed his students about their attitudes concerning the social security system and concluded that young adults doubt that they will ever receive social security benefits,his conclusion would be flawed because


A) his students were not a representative sample of young adults.
B) he did not survey the entire population of young adults.
C) he knew his subjects before he surveyed them.
D) his students were a random sample.

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Operational definitions are most closely associated with which major advantage of the scientific approach?


A) commonsense approach
B) clarity and precision
C) intolerance of error
D) tolerance of error

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