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Exam 6: Learning

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Question 121

Multiple Choice

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Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal.When she does this she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise.This is an example of

A) escape conditioning.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) classical conditioning.
D) avoidance conditioning.

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Question 122

Multiple Choice

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A previously neutral stimulus,that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response,is

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned response.

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Question 123

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____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement,occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Given the research findings in this chapter,explain how you would respond to your own children when they did things you did that you did not want them to do.When would you use positive reinforcement? When would you use punishment to teach them things? When would you use negative reinforcement? What kinds of reinforcement schedules would you use? (Be sure that you clearly differentiate between reinforcement and punishment,negative and positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement and punishment)

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

In a Skinner box,the cumulative recorder

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

With most behavior modification programs,once a terminal goal has been reached,it is a good idea to

____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a desirable stimulus; while ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened as the result of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR.This phenomenon is known as

The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to ____ the frequency of a response such as ____.

Assuming the reinforcer is the sound of the rattle,a baby's response of shaking a rattle is reinforced according to which type of schedule?

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others,who are called ____________________.

Food is an example of ____; praise is an example of ____.

If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment which is different from the one in which the response was acquired,the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.This phenomenon is called

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office.Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try,other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted.In this example,inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,her "weak knees" would be

Negative reinforcement involves