A) Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal.
B) The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex.
C) A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering.
D) An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating.
E) Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid.
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A) Chemical regulators are released directly into blood vessels.
B) Chemical regulators released by cells affect the functional status of different kinds of cells in the vicinity of the secretory cell.
C) Chemical regulators affect the same cells that produce them.
D) Chemical regulators reach their site of action through a duct.
E) Chemical regulators are continuously released in constant amounts by the cell.
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A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) feedforward regulation.
D) adaptation.
E) acclimatization.
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A) Effector,afferent pathway,integrating center,efferent pathway,receptor
B) Effector,efferent pathway,integrating center,afferent pathway,receptor
C) Integrating center,receptor,afferent pathway,efferent pathway,effector
D) Receptor,efferent pathway,integrating center,afferent pathway,effector
E) Receptor,afferent pathway,integrating center,efferent pathway,effector
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A) A hormone
B) An autocrine signal
C) A paracrine signal
D) A neurotransmitter
E) An enzyme
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A) the plasma.
B) the interstitial fluid.
C) the intracellular fluid.
D) the interstitial fluid and the intracellular fluid combined.
E) the plasma,the interstitial fluid,and the intracellular fluid combined.
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A) Circadian rhythm
B) Free-running rhythm
C) Jet lag
D) Phase shift
E) Entrainment
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A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) feedforward regulation.
D) adaptation.
E) acclimatization.
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A) Positive protein balance
B) Negative protein balance
C) Stable protein balance
D) A state that can't be determined
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A) pathophysiology.
B) anatomy.
C) homeostasis.
D) differentiation.
E) histology.
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A) Fat storage
B) Anchoring body structures
C) Forming boundaries between body compartments
D) Generating movement
E) Transmitting electrical signals
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A) They are cyclical,like the 28-day female menstrual cycle.
B) They are cyclical,like the rhythmic beating of the heart.
C) They are voluntary rhythms,like the time you decide to eat lunch each day.
D) They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment.
E) They repeat approximately every 24 hours,like daily spikes in hormone secretion.
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A) has varied from the normal value,and will remain constant at the new value.
B) never varies from an exact set point value.
C) is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value.
D) is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.
E) has no normal range,but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.
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A) Endocrine glands can be receptors,and hormones can be effectors.
B) Endocrine glands can be integrating centers,and hormones can be efferent pathways.
C) Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways,and hormones can be effectors.
D) Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms,but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways.
E) They are not involved;reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system.
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A) It is found just inside the cell membrane in all tissues,it sends branching collagen fibers between cells to connect them,and it transmits chemical information from the interior of one cell to the interior of adjacent cells.
B) It is a tissue having more than the four general cell types,it transports proteins and polysaccharides between body compartments,and it is the route by which chemical signals like hormones reach all parts of the body.
C) It covers the body's surface,it contains connective and muscle tissue,and it helps generate movement.
D) It surrounds cells;it contains proteins,polysaccharides,and minerals;it provides a scaffold for cell attachment;and it transmits chemical messengers to cells.
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A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) feedforward regulation.
D) adaptation.
E) None of the choices are correct.
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A) To maintain a constant internal environment
B) To anticipate changes in the environment
C) To return a variable toward the set point
D) To bring about a rapid change in the body
E) To detect changes in the external environment
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