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Ira is asked to remember the order of a previously presented list of words;the experimenter asks him to recall the words immediately after hearing them.Devon is asked to remember the same list,but his recall is delayed by 20 seconds after the list presentation;during that time,Devon is given no other task to form.We would expect


A) little or no difference between Devon's performance and Ira's.
B) that Devon would have poorer memory for the list's early words but better memory for words presented later in the list.
C) that Devon would have better memory for the entire list.
D) that Devon would have poor memory for words at the end of the list.

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A participant is trying to memorize the word "parade." To help herself,she thinks about the word within a complicated sentence: "From their third-floor apartment,they had a great view of all the bands,the cowboys,and the floats in the Thanksgiving parade." This learning strategy will produce


A) fine memory performance,but similar performance could be achieved with simpler sentences if they require the participant to think about the meaning of the word.
B) poor memory performance because the complicated sentence draws attention away from the target word.
C) excellent memory performance because the sentence involves a great deal of maintenance rehearsal.
D) excellent memory performance because the strategy requires attention to meaning and provides many memory connections.

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Which of the following most accurately represents the probability an item will be retained (most likely > least likely) ?


A) deep processing > shallow processing > maintenance rehearsal > deep and elaborate processing
B) deep and elaborate processing > deep processing > shallow processing > maintenance rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal > shallow processing > deep processing > deep and elaborate processing
D) deep processing > deep and elaborate processing > shallow processing > maintenance rehearsal

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Free recall refers to


A) word association within a list of words.
B) recalling words from a list in any order.
C) recognizing words from a list.
D) memory that requires few attentional resources.

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationships among acquisition,retrieval,and storage processes?


A) Acquisition,retrieval,and storage processes turn out to be independent processes,so that weaknesses and flaws in one can routinely be compensated for by adjustments in one of the others.
B) The three terms are really just different names for the same process.
C) Acquisition is related to storage processes,but not to retrieval processes.
D) Acquisition,retrieval,and storage processes are intertwined processes.

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Bill is given a list of words to memorize for a later test.While he is encoding the words,his brain activity is measured using fMRI.Describe the patterns of activity you would expect to see in Bill's brain for words he later remembers and those he later forgets.

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For words that Bill later remembers, we ...

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As a general rule,the intention to learn


A) usually leads to worse learning than incidental learning.
B) has a direct effect on learning.
C) leads all people to adopt the same memory strategies.
D) has no direct effect on learning.

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Describe the serial position curve and its relevance to the modal memory model.Include in your answer a description of the procedure,traditional findings,and the manipulations that help us understand the processes that lead to the traditional findings.

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The serial position curve is a graph tha...

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Modern conceptualization of memory asserts that information processing involves at least two kinds of memory: working memory and long-term memory.Long-term memory is


A) theoretically unlimited in capacity.
B) the active component of working memory.
C) not susceptible to forgetting.
D) limited in duration.

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You are watching TV when a commercial advertising a new pizza place comes on.You decide you want pizza,so you listen to the restaurant's phone number and then recite the number to yourself.Just as you are about to dial,your cell phone rings and you talk on the phone for a few minutes.What is most likely to happen after you finish your call?


A) You remember the phone number,so you call and order.
B) Out of habit,you call your favorite pizza place (whose number you have memorized) ,forgetting you wanted to try the new place.
C) You think you probably remember the number and try calling,and you are correct.
D) You have forgotten the phone number.

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Reading your notes,or the textbook,over and over again is NOT recommended as a study strategy because


A) it is an elaborate way to learn information.
B) it encourages deep processing.
C) it is a passive form of learning.
D) you should also be using a highlighter to identify important material.

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Describe how previous knowledge or ideas of the memorizer can impact memory and how this can sometimes lead one to make memory errors.

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Previous knowledge or ideas of the memor...

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Modern conceptualization of the modal model asserts that information processing involves at least two kinds of memory: working memory and long-term memory (LTM) .Working memory


A) has the same capacity to hold items as LTM.
B) differs from LTM in how easily one can access the stored items.
C) uses the same rehearsal mechanisms as LTM.
D) has no discernible effect on functioning outside the laboratory.

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The memorizer plays an important role in memory acquisition.Which of the following is NOT discussed in the chapter as having an effect on long-term memory?


A) prior knowledge of the memorizer
B) the situation in which the memorizer learned the material
C) the rehearsal strategy the memorizer used
D) the exact intentions of the memorizer

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Which of the following groups is most likely to remember the material it is studying?


A) Group 1 intends to memorize a series of words and,while studying,repeats the words mechanically over and over again.
B) Group 2 intends to memorize a series of words and,while studying,pays attention to the exact appearance of the words.
C) Group 3 has no intention of memorizing the words and searches the list for spelling errors.
D) Group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and attempts to determine how the words are related to one another.

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It is sometimes difficult to predict memory performance outside of the lab because


A) some people have foolish ideas about how to proceed when they really want to memorize something.
B) memory acquisition depends on previous knowledge,and everyone has different knowledge.
C) people differ in their working-memory capacity.
D) researchers do not agree on the best ways to test memory.

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Why is the term "working memory" now preferred over "short-term memory"?

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The term "working memory" is now preferr...

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Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval.How exactly does this happen?


A) Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge.
B) Deep processing causes items to be kept in working memory.
C) Deep processing encourages the use of mnemonics.
D) Deep processing forms fewer retrieval paths,making the correct path easier to access.

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Participants in an experiment were asked to keep track of the most recent word they had heard that started with a "G." Therefore,participants should report "gravy" after hearing the sequence "girl,grump,hat,scissors,whistle,pen,radio,bed,foot,glass,lantern,gravy." Later,participants are asked to report back all the "G" words they heard.We would anticipate


A) good recollection of all the words because participants were able to concentrate their attention on the task and rehearsed only one word at a time.
B) poor recollection of all the "G" words because the situation invites maintenance rather than elaborative rehearsal.
C) good recollection of "grump," since this word was in the participants' thoughts for a long time (while they were waiting for "glass") .
D) poor recollection of the early words in the list but good recollection of the words in the middle of the list.

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A physician has just read an article about a recently developed drug.Which of the following is LEAST important in determining whether the physician will remember the article later?


A) The physician read the article carefully to determine whether it was persuasive.
B) The physician realized how suggestions within the article could be integrated with other things she already knew.
C) The physician expected to need the information later and therefore employed a maintenance memorization strategy that had helped her memorize material in the past.
D) The physician quickly saw that the new drug might have multiple uses,so she thought about several circumstances in which she might use it.

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