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Exam 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism

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Question 51

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Which of the following is a key intermediate of glucose catabolism to the citric acid cycle?

A) ATP
B) pyruvate
C) oxygen
D) lactate
E) glucokinase

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Question 52

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To activate a regulated gene,the formation of mRNA is ________ by the binding of ________ to the promoter.

A) repressed, transcription factors
B) repressed, translation factors
C) induced, transcription factors
D) induced, translation factors

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Question 53

Multiple Choice

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The process of forming mRNA is called

Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule?

Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during

Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid.The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH.Following this lab in which the color of the solution was observed to change,one lab group forgot to dump the beakers at the end of the lab period.The next day would you expect the beakers to look the same as they did after being bubbled with CO₂? If not,explain in terms of reversible reactions and equilibrium disturbance.

The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as

Regulatory-protein transcription factors bind to ________ and activate ________,which tells the RNA polymerase ________.

Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid.The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH.In your physiology lab,you perform this experiment in two beakers containing room-temperature water and indicator,labeled as A and B.CO₂ is bubbled into solutions A and B from a pressurized tank for 10 seconds.A stopwatch was used to measure how long it took for the solutions to change color.The data below were generated by the students. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.Determine average values for each beaker.Explain how the reaction times differed.What may be present in beaker B that is absent from beaker A?

A reversible reaction is one where

Increasing ________ will decrease the amount of mRNA transcript within a cell for a constitutively active gene.

Explain how these statements differ,and identify which one(s)is/are correct.Explain what is wrong with each incorrect statement.Explain when chemical reactions continue and when they stop. A.A chemical reaction proceeds until the enzyme molecules are all consumed. B.A chemical reaction proceeds until the substrate molecules are all consumed. C.A chemical reaction proceeds until equilibrium is established. D.A chemical reaction proceeds until all the product molecules are removed.

The TAC sequence of DNA is the ________ of a coding sequence that is preceded by the ________ that regulates transcription.

What is chemiosmotic theory? What is its role in metabolism?

Chemical reactions that require an input of energy are said to be ________.

Some diseases,such as phenylketonuria,classical hemophilia,cystic fibrosis,and muscular dystrophy are a result of enzyme malfunction.Each of these diseases is inherited.Explain how there might be a relationship among these observations.

Chemical reactions in a living system function to

The ________ is the portion of the mRNA that contains the coding sequence of the gene.

Inside the matrix of the mitochondria,pyruvate

Activation energy is