Question 1

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Accepted Answer

A)  test tubes.
B)  flasks.
C)  microtiter plates.
D)  graduated cylinders.

Question 2

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

Accepted Answer

A)  It isn't-both are equally dangerous/significant.False-positives in PEOPLE can lead to psychological trauma,but false-positives in BLOOD could lead to the useful blood being disposed.
B)  A false-positive in a PERSON is easily retestable.This makes it more significant,because we would simply quickly retest the person to verify their actual HIV status.
C)  A false-positive in BLOOD is easily retestable.This makes it less significant,because we would simply quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status.
D)  This statement is backwards-false-positives in blood testing are more significant.If the false-positive rate is high and we don't realize it,we're more likely to dispose useful blood.This could lead to acute shortages of blood for patients who need transfusions.

Question 3

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Accepted Answer

A)  direct fluorescent antibody tests.
B)  indirect ELISA.
C)  Western blot.
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody tests.
E)  indirect ELISA,Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Question 4

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Accepted Answer

A)  Pasteur.
B)  Jenner.
C)  Metchnikoff.
D)  Fleming. B

Question 5

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  This is actually a disadvantage-it's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit (single antigen) vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state.
B)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response) of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection.
C)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL,cell-mediated) side of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection.
D)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody) AND cell-mediated (T cell) portions of the adaptive immune response,giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available.

Question 6

An immune complex is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen combined with antigen.
B)  antigen combined with antibody.
C)  antibody combined with antibody.
D)  complement combined with LPS.

Question 7

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenza type b.
B)  diphtheria.
C)  herpes simplex type I.
D)  polio.
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I.

Question 9

Attenuated agents

Accepted Answer

A)  may induce immunity after a single dose.
B)  may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
C)  multiply in the body.
D)  may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains.
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

The change from negative serum,without antibodies specific to an infecting agent,to positive serum,containing antibodies against that infecting agent,is called

Accepted Answer

A)  ELISA.
B)  complement fixation.
C)  seroconversion.
D)  serum reversion.

Question 11

DNA vaccines are dangerous due to the possibility of the DNA causing reversion in the inactivated pathogen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Herd immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune.
B)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune.
C)  only provides protection to those that are already immune.
D)  is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.
E)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

Question 13

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256,the titer is

Accepted Answer

A)  128.
B)  1/512.
C)  1/256.
D)  256. D

Question 14

The most common adjuvant is

Accepted Answer

A)  ethanol.
B)  formalin.
C)  alum.
D)  aluminum.
E)  alum AND aluminum.

Question 15

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polio
B)  Measles
C)  Hepatitis B
D)  Pertussis D

Question 16

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses.
B)  bacteria.
C)  toxins.
D)  polysaccharides.
E)  viruses AND bacteria.

Question 17

Alum is an adjuvant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Accepted Answer

A)  hemagglutination tests.
B)  complement fixation tests.
C)  immunodiffusion tests.
D)  ELISA tests.

Question 19

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of infection.
B)  self-made.
C)  IgM.
D)  the result of passive immunity.

Question 20

The Salk vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  contains live attenuated virus.
B)  contains inactivated virus.
C)  contains a portion of the polio virus.
D)  occasionally causes disease.

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Correct AnswerverifiedB

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An immune complex is defined as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Attenuated agents

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The change from negative serum,without antibodies specific to an infecting agent,to positive serum,containing antibodies against that infecting agent,is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

DNA vaccines are dangerous due to the possibility of the DNA causing reversion in the inactivated pathogen.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Herd immunity

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256,the titer is

Correct AnswerverifiedD

The most common adjuvant is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alum is an adjuvant.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Salk vaccine

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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B

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D

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D

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