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Exam 17: State and Local Environmental Issues

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Question 1

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The ________ is an agreement between Canada and the United States to reduce ________.

A) Ozone Annex;transboundary smog
B) Ozone Annex;acid rain
C) Clean Air Act;transboundary smog
D) Clean Air Act;acid rain

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Question 2

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The widespread use of technology-based emission standards to control air pollution ensures that the aggregate marginal abatement cost function is as low as is technically possible. Because TBS are not cost-effective,the aggregate marginal abatement cost function is much higher than it need be,and society is settling for smaller improvements in ambient quality than might be achieved if control programs were incentive-based and cost-effective.

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Question 3

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In order to address the non-degradation dilemma,amendments to the U.S.HYPERLINK "" Clean Air Act enacted stricter technology-based emission standards for non-attainment areas than for "prevention of serious deterioration" (PSD)areas. PSD areas have stricter regulations to maintain the higher existing air quality in these areas in order to avoid the non-degradation dilemma.

Acid rain was a challenging transboundary issue for Canada and the United States to tackle because ________.

Which of the following does the Clean Air Act give the federal government authority to do?

The Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards are being gradually replaced by National Ambient Air Quality Objectives. Canada is moving away from non-binding guidelines (NAAQOs)to Canada wide standards (CAAQSs)for air quality.

Explain how an incentive-based policy helped to phase out the use of leaded gasoline in Canada.

List the "Big Five" criteria air contaminants to which Canadians are exposed.

Because the Canadian Ambient Air Quality standards are ________,they will not be efficient unless ________ in all regions.

The phrase "the solution to pollution is dilution" best describes the Ontario government's policy to ________.

Governments may inadvertently slow up the rate of adoption of new pollution-abatement technologies through the use of new-source bias in the setting of emission standards.

List the four policy issues that arise from Canada's regulation of air contaminants.

The federal government regulates emissions from new motor vehicles under the ________ using ________.

Unlike an emission tax,a fuel tax would provide a direct incentive for drivers to worry about their level of emissions thus creating an incentive to lower them.

Under the ________,________ is to design the program for managing air quality in Canada,and then turn the monitoring,enforcement,and reporting operations of the program over to the provinces and territories.

Describe the Canada-Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000.

The argument that the marginal abatement costs of existing plants are higher than those of new plants used as a justification for more restrictive emission standards for the former than for the latter is known as ________.

Discuss how the shortcomings of using mandatory emission testing programs like Drive Clean to reduce emissions could be improved.