A) the leadership of the Mensheviks in forming the new Provisional Government.
B) a general strike in Petrograd.
C) the wartime casualties due to incompetent military leadership and poor equipment.
D) strife in the ruling dynasty as evidenced by the influence of Rasputin, "the mad monk."
E) the incompetent political leadership of Nicholas II.
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A
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A) it would be the dawn of a new socialist Europe.
B) the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.
C) it would mark the end of European civilization.
D) its long-term nature would revive Europe's suffering economy.
E) it would be avoided at the last minute, once the diplomats finally met together.
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A) European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice.
B) the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.
C) ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts.
D) European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures.
E) the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.
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Article 231 refers to a clause within th...View Answer
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A) saw European governments adopt a "hands off" policy toward their economies.
B) saw European governments all take control of only war-related industries.
C) witnessed European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies.
D) did little to affect the domestic industries of European nations.
E) brought considerable prosperity to all of the belligerent nations.
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A) absolved the Central Powers of full guilt in causing the war.
B) created Wilson's United Nations.
C) created a system by which the old Turkish Empire could be safely dismantled.
D) dismembered the Ottoman Empire.
E) forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.
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A) the loss of land that reduced the nation by half.
B) the reductions imposed in the size of the German military.
C) Article 231, the "War Guilt Clause" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany.
D) the loss of all political sovereignty for a period of twenty years.
E) the loss of Germany's Latin American empire.
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C
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A) Lenin accelerated the war effort against Germany.
B) Lenin returned the control of factories to their rightful owners.
C) Lenin ratified the redistribution of land which had already been seized by peasants.
D) Lenin successfully managed to reestablish the Duma under socialist control.
E) Lenin confiscated all the agricultural land in Russia, forcing the peasants into large collective farms.
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A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 500,000
D) 700,000
E) 1 million
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The term "tanks" can refer to large cont...View Answer
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A) conservative leaders hoped to crush internal democratic movements through war
B) European generals adopted new military policies
C) European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security
D) the downward spiral of European economies
E) the dismantling of Europe's overseas empires
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A) experienced little or no real change.
B) fell subject to the new Russian communist state.
C) witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states.
D) quickly overtook western Europe economically.
E) sunk into widespread international anarchy and chaos.
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A) was a central figure in the establishment of a provisional government.
B) denounced the use of revolutionary violence in his "April Theses."
C) with strong middle-class support, led the formation of a new, democratic labor party.
D) remained in neutral Switzerland until the Armistice was signed.
E) as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "peace, land, and bread."
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E
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A) an uprising of Catholic peasants in Bavaria.
B) the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
C) the German invasion of Poland.
D) the German naval blockage of Britain.
E) the French occupation of the Ruhr.
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