Exam 17: Document Examination

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Handwriting is a complex motor skill that is unique to each individual. The characteristics associated with handwriting are influenced by a combination of physical, psychological, and educational factors. Here are some common individual characteristics that are often associated with handwriting: 1. **Letter Formation**: This includes the shape, size, and slant of letters. Some people may write with rounded letters, while others may use more angular shapes. The way letters are connected or not connected can also be a distinguishing feature. 2. **Size**: The overall size of the handwriting can vary greatly among individuals, with some writing in large, expansive strokes and others in small, cramped letters. 3. **Slant**: Handwriting may slant to the right, to the left, or have no slant at all. The slant can be consistent or vary throughout the writing. 4. **Pressure**: The amount of pressure one applies while writing can affect the thickness and darkness of the lines. Some people press hard on the paper, leaving indentations or a heavier line, while others write with a light touch. 5. **Spacing**: This includes the space between letters, words, and lines. Some individuals may crowd their letters together, while others may leave generous spaces. 6. **Speed**: The speed at which a person writes can affect the legibility and fluidity of the handwriting. Some write quickly, with a more cursive and flowing style, while others write slowly and more deliberately. 7. **Consistency**: Some people have very consistent handwriting, with little variation from one day to the next, while others may exhibit significant variations in their writing style. 8. **Baseline Alignment**: This refers to the tendency of words to follow a straight line or to drift upwards or downwards on the page. 9. **Flourishes and Embellishments**: Some individuals add extra strokes or embellishments to their letters, which can be a stylistic choice or a habit. 10. **Legibility**: This is the ease with which handwriting can be read. Some people have very clear and legible handwriting, while others have a more difficult-to-read script. 11. **Personal Style**: Beyond these characteristics, many people develop a personal style that may include unique ways of forming certain letters or numbers, or a signature style that is particularly distinctive. Handwriting analysis, or graphology, is the study of these characteristics with the belief that they can reveal aspects of a person's personality or psychological state. However, the scientific validity of graphology as a tool for psychological analysis is highly debated and not widely accepted in the academic community. In forensic contexts, handwriting characteristics are used by document examiners to compare and authenticate documents based on the premise that no two individuals have exactly the same handwriting characteristics.

A) a significant amount of time has passed between writing of exemplar and the questioned document.
B) the posture or stance of the author varies between writings.
C) pencil, ballpoint or fountain pen is used.
D) paper is ruled or unruled.
E) all of the above

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Document examiners use a variety of tech...

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A) Partial copies of the suspect text are to be typed in light, medium, and heavy touches.
B) Each character should be typed without the ribbon.
C) Prepare at least one copy of the text in full word-for-word order.
D) Examine the type impressions left on the ribbon.
E) All of the above are recommended procedures.

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C

A) less than
B) the same as
C) greater than

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A) infrared
B) visible
C) polarized
D) ultra-violet

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A) indented
B) exemplar
C) charred
D) obliterated
E) questioned

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A) HPLC.
B) NAA.
C) TLC.
D) TTI.
E) MDMA.

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A) reveal writing that has been erased.
B) detect if two different inks were used in the writing of a document.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

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A) United States Secret Service v. Mara
B) Gilbert v. California
C) United States v. Mara
D) Carmichael v. Kumho Tire Co.
E) none of the above

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A) Writings on a charred document may be revealed by reflecting light off the paper's surface at different angles.
B) Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt is a questioned document.
C) In the case of Gilbert v. California the court held that the taking of handwriting exemplars was not prohibited by the Fifth Amendment.
D) Once adulthood is reached, an individual's handwriting generally will not change with age.
E) An inconclusive finding by a document examiner may be due to an insufficient number of known writings available for comparison.

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A) transmitted radiation.
B) color photography.
C) infrared radiation.
D) thin-layer chromatography
E) side lighting.

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A) digital photography
B) luminescence
C) digitizing
D) pixelization
E) Adobe Photoshopping

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C

A) less than
B) the same as
C) greater than

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A) type of paper
B) chemical composition of toner
C) brand of machine manufacturer
D) type of toner-to-paper fusing method
E) all of the above

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A) infrared spectrophotometry.
B) gas chromatography.
C) thin-layer chromatography.
D) ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
E) none of the above

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Printers and photocopiers are both essen...

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A) class characteristics
B) TTI
C) luminescence
D) handwriting
E) individual characteristics

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