Question 1

Refer to the figure below showing the Miller‒Urey experiment. 2, into Earth's early environment.This information led to the conclusion that A)  the original Miller-Urey experiment did not produce meaningful data. B)  a modified experiment should be performed in which other gases would be added to the initial heated solution. C)  the experiment required a longer running time to see whether the other gases would be produced. D)  the beaker of condensed liquid and compounds should be heated in the presence of the additional gases. E)  the Miller‒Urey experiment did not require modification, since cellular life existed earlier than 4 billion years ago." class="answers-bank-image d-inline" rel="preload" > Research conducted later than the Miller‒Urey experiment showed that volcanic activity 4 billion years ago injected other gases, such as SO2, into Earth's early environment.This information led to the conclusion that

Accepted Answer

A)   the original Miller-Urey experiment did not produce meaningful data.
B)   a modified experiment should be performed in which other gases would be added to the initial heated solution.
C)   the experiment required a longer running time to see whether the other gases would be produced.
D)   the beaker of condensed liquid and compounds should be heated in the presence of the additional gases.
E)   the Miller‒Urey experiment did not require modification, since cellular life existed earlier than 4 billion years ago.

Question 2

Which is evidence that supports the hypothesis that DNA could have evolved from RNA?

Accepted Answer

A)   The discovery that retroviruses have an enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis from RNA
B)   Evidence of the early emergence on Earth of chemical reactions that resulted in monomers
C)   Evidence of the nearly spontaneous formation of lipid micelles on Earth
D)   Evidence of the prebiotic chemical generation of cell-like compartments
E)   The chemical traces of life found on meteorites

Question 3

Chemical reaction rates vary depending on the concentrations of reactants.In which primitive Earth environment would conditions have shifted reactant concentrations to favor increased polymerization of monomers?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rocky outcroppings with full sun exposure
B)   Deep, wide freshwater lakes
C)   Hot, sandy beaches
D)   Shallow ponds with clay bottoms
E)   Thermal vents deep in a salty ocean

Question 4

Which statement about the "RNA world" model is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-catalytic DNA was the first nucleic acid.
B)   DNA was translated directly into protein.
C)   Ribozymes are able to catalyze the formation of peptide linkages.
D)   RNA was reverse transcribed into DNA before being transcribed and translated into proteins.
E)   All RNA sequences act as ribozymes.

Question 5

Miller and Urey's 1954 hot chemistry experiment was based on the assumption that Earth's early atmosphere contained water (H2O)  vapor, methane, hydrogen, and ammonia.Subsequent research showed that volcanoes released carbon dioxide (CO2) , hydrogen sulfide (H2S) , and sulfur dioxide (SO2)  around 4 billion years ago.In response to this evidence, scientists concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)   no synthesis of prebiotic molecules was possible on early Earth.
B)   the experiment needed to be repeated with the inclusion of CO2, SO2, and H2O.
C)   the experiment needed to be repeated with the inclusion of CO2, SO2, and H2S.
D)   the experiment needed to be repeated with the inclusion of CO2, SO2, and H2S, and the exclusion of the original gases.
E)   the experiment needed to be repeated in the vicinity of an active volcano and with the inclusion of CO2, SO2, and H2S.

Question 6

What evidence lent strong support to J.William Schopf's hypothesis that the 3.5-billion-year-old fossil he discovered in Australia was that of ancient cells?

Accepted Answer

Schopf examined both chemical and struct...

Question 7

Which factor contributes to the strength of the intermolecular interaction between two DNA strands in a double helix?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines
B)   Phosphodiester bonds between the nitrogenous bases
C)   Strong hydrogen bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups
D)   Its double-helix shape
E)   The direct bonding of the base to the phosphate molecule

Question 8

According to the chemical evolution theory of the origin of life, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Oxygen (O2)  was necessary for formation of the simple molecules of life.
B)   Earth's early environments, with energy provided by the sun, may have been capable of producing complex life forms.
C)   Small molecules that serve as the building blocks of living organisms can form under conditions that might have existed on Earth in its early history.
D)   The chemical content of meteorites indicates that simple molecules of life could not have been synthesized in extraterrestrial environments.
E)   The simple molecules of life can form only in a simulated atmosphere that is sparked with electricity.

Question 9

With a few exceptions, each human cell contains DNA in its nucleus.Which statement about any cell containing DNA is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   The entire genome is expressed in each cell.
B)   The cell discards some of its DNA so that only genes with a function in that cell are retained.
C)   Cells synthesize RNA transcripts from its DNA before discarding the DNA.
D)   Different genes may be expressed at different times in a single cell.
E)   Cell functioning differs depending on the DNA present in the cell.

Question 10

Which statement about the addition of a nucleotide onto a growing nucleic acid is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   A hydrolysis reaction occurs between the last nucleotide in the chain and the new nucleotide.
B)   The phosphate on the added nucleotide attaches to the 5′ carbon atom of a sugar on the chain.
C)   The resulting bond between nucleotides is called a glycosidic linkage.
D)   Because of how each nucleotide is added to the chain, nucleic acids are said to grow in the 5′-to-3′ direction.
E)   A bond forms between the phosphate of the last nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the new nucleotide.

Question 11

Refer to the figure below illustrating Louis Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation.  Why was the neck broken on one flask but not the other?

Accepted Answer

A)   To ensure that conditions were the same in both experimental setups
B)   To prevent contaminants from getting in through the neck
C)   To allow dust to enter into the broken flask but not the unbroken one
D)   To show that the neck of the flask does not introduce an added variable to the experiment
E)   To allow air to enter the control flask

Question 12

Some trace metals such as molybdenum and rhenium are soluble in oxygenated water.These rare metals first appeared in sedimentary rocks on Earth 2.5 billion years ago, where previously they occurred as chemical compounds in minerals.The appearance of these metals at this time indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)   cyanobacteria used all available oxygen until 2.5 billion years ago.
B)   meteorites from Mars carried oxygen to Earth.
C)   comets brought oxygen to Earth.
D)   there was no life on Earth until 2.5 billion years ago.
E)   there was no atmospheric oxygen on Earth until 2.5 billion years ago.

Question 13

The diversity found among DNA molecules is due to the sequence of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The diversity found among DNA molecules is...

Question 14

Refer to the figure below showing two strands of DNA.  How many hydrogen bonds would there be in a DNA sequence of ten base pairs in which there are five A-T and five C-G pairs?

Accepted Answer

A)   5
B)   10
C)   15
D)   25
E)   18

Question 15

Scientists hypothesize that nonliving protocells developed as a precursor to living cells.Which statement can best be used as evidence to support this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both l- and d-isomers of amino acids were shown to be able to diffuse through the membranes of protocells synthesized in a lab.
B)   The same fatty acids found in the membranes of living organisms are capable of being used to synthesize protocells that have an internal space filled with water.
C)   Simple fatty acids shown to be synthesized in primitive Earth simulation experiments are able to self-assemble into protocell structures when placed in water.
D)   Lab experiments showed that nucleic acids in the interior of the protocells replicated themselves using nucleotides supplied in the medium surrounding the protocells.
E)   Some metabolic reactions that take place in modern cells can also take place in the interiors of protocells synthesized in a lab.

Question 16

Complementary base pairing between nucleotides makes which process possible?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hydrolysis of DNA
B)   Formation of phosphodiester bonds in polynucleotides
C)   DNA replication prior to cell division
D)   Movement of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
E)   Biosynthesis of nucleotide building blocks by a cell

Question 17

All of the following bases are found in DNA except

Accepted Answer

A)   thymine.
B)   adenine.
C)   uracil.
D)   guanine.
E)   cytosine.

Question 18

Redi performed experiments using raw meat and _______ to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Redi performed experiments using raw meat and...

Question 19

Laboratory experiments with pure samples of either the d- or l-isomer of the amino acid aspartic acid show that these samples slowly change to an equilibrium mixture of both optical isomers.The rate of change is extremely slow, requiring a few million years to billions of years to complete, depending on temperature and availability of water.If scientists wanted to locate amino acids as evidence of past life on the planet Mars, what region would be best to study, given that any life on Mars may have gone extinct early in its history?

Accepted Answer

A)   Any region
B)   Areas likely covered with liquid water in the past
C)   Areas of volcanic activity
D)   Polar ice regions
E)   Impact craters

Question 20

Miller and Urey set up an experimental "atmosphere" composed of gases thought to be present in Earth's early atmosphere.They simulated lightning with the application of electricity and looked for the monomers used to build living organisms.Subsequent experiments using additional gases that probably were present in the early Earth environment resulted in a more diverse list of organic products.Which compounds were absent from the products of Miller and Urey's experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)   Nitrogenous bases found in DNA
B)   Simple proteins
C)   20 amino acids
D)   Six-carbon sugars
E)   Uracil, a nitrogenous base

Exam 4: Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

With a few exceptions, each human cell contains DNA in its nucleus.Which statement about any cell containing DNA is true?

Correct Answer
verified

According to the chemical evolution theory of the origin of life, which statement is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which statement about the "RNA world" model is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Which statement about the addition of a nucleotide onto a growing nucleic acid is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Complementary base pairing between nucleotides makes which process possible?

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the figure below illustrating Louis Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. Why was the neck broken on one flask but not the other?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which factor contributes to the strength of the intermolecular interaction between two DNA strands in a double helix?

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following bases are found in DNA except

Correct Answer
verified

Scientists hypothesize that nonliving protocells developed as a precursor to living cells.Which statement can best be used as evidence to support this hypothesis?

Correct Answer
verified

What evidence lent strong support to J.William Schopf's hypothesis that the 3.5-billion-year-old fossil he discovered in Australia was that of ancient cells?

Correct Answer
verified
Schopf examined both chemical and struct...
View Answer

Which is evidence that supports the hypothesis that DNA could have evolved from RNA?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

The diversity found among DNA molecules is due to the sequence of _______.

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the figure below showing two strands of DNA. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in a DNA sequence of ten base pairs in which there are five A-T and five C-G pairs?

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the figure below showing the Miller‒Urey experiment. Research conducted later than the Miller‒Urey experiment showed that volcanic activity 4 billion years ago injected other gases, such as SO₂, into Earth's early environment.This information led to the conclusion that

Correct Answer
verified

Some trace metals such as molybdenum and rhenium are soluble in oxygenated water.These rare metals first appeared in sedimentary rocks on Earth 2.5 billion years ago, where previously they occurred as chemical compounds in minerals.The appearance of these metals at this time indicates that

Correct Answer
verified

Chemical reaction rates vary depending on the concentrations of reactants.In which primitive Earth environment would conditions have shifted reactant concentrations to favor increased polymerization of monomers?

Correct Answer
verified

Redi performed experiments using raw meat and _______ to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 4: Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

With a few exceptions, each human cell contains DNA in its nucleus.Which statement about any cell containing DNA is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the chemical evolution theory of the origin of life, which statement is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about the "RNA world" model is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about the addition of a nucleotide onto a growing nucleic acid is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Complementary base pairing between nucleotides makes which process possible?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the figure below illustrating Louis Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. Why was the neck broken on one flask but not the other?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which factor contributes to the strength of the intermolecular interaction between two DNA strands in a double helix?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following bases are found in DNA except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scientists hypothesize that nonliving protocells developed as a precursor to living cells.Which statement can best be used as evidence to support this hypothesis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What evidence lent strong support to J.William Schopf's hypothesis that the 3.5-billion-year-old fossil he discovered in Australia was that of ancient cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedSchopf examined both chemical and struct...View AnswerShow Answer

Which is evidence that supports the hypothesis that DNA could have evolved from RNA?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The diversity found among DNA molecules is due to the sequence of _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the figure below showing two strands of DNA. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in a DNA sequence of ten base pairs in which there are five A-T and five C-G pairs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the figure below showing the Miller‒Urey experiment. Research conducted later than the Miller‒Urey experiment showed that volcanic activity 4 billion years ago injected other gases, such as SO2, into Earth's early environment.This information led to the conclusion that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some trace metals such as molybdenum and rhenium are soluble in oxygenated water.These rare metals first appeared in sedimentary rocks on Earth 2.5 billion years ago, where previously they occurred as chemical compounds in minerals.The appearance of these metals at this time indicates that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Chemical reaction rates vary depending on the concentrations of reactants.In which primitive Earth environment would conditions have shifted reactant concentrations to favor increased polymerization of monomers?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Redi performed experiments using raw meat and _______ to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Schopf examined both chemical and struct...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the figure below showing the Miller‒Urey experiment. Research conducted later than the Miller‒Urey experiment showed that volcanic activity 4 billion years ago injected other gases, such as SO₂, into Earth's early environment.This information led to the conclusion that

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified