Question 1

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to categorize efficiently. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

Accepted Answer

A)   She will not be able to categorize objects ever again.
B)   She will lose the ability to discriminate some categories but others will remain unaffected.
C)   She will be able to name objects but not be able to describe what the function of the object is.
D)   She will be able to name fruits but not be able to name vegetables.

Question 2

Judgments about which category members are typical

Accepted Answer

A)   are easily shifted by changes in context or changes in perspective.
B)   shift as one learns more about the category but then become quite stable.
C)   differ sharply across cultures.
D)   are impressively constant across individuals and situations.

Question 3

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)   level of categorization regarded by most participants as indisputable.
B)   most general level of categorization participants can think of.
C)   most specific level of categorization participants can think of.
D)   most natural level of categorization, which is neither too specific nor too general.

Question 4

In Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence, "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see, "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory, we should expect

Accepted Answer

A)   faster responses to "robin" because participants more readily see the resemblance between "robin" and the bird prototype.
B)   faster responses to "penguin" because penguins are a unique bird, and thus easily identified.
C)   faster responses to "robin" because of response priming.
D)   faster responses to "penguin" because penguins are higher in typicality. A

Question 5

When compared to the question, "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for, "A cat is an animal" will be

Accepted Answer

A)   faster.
B)   slower.
C)   equal.
D)   unknown; there is not enough information to make a decision. B

Question 6

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision)  become

Accepted Answer

A)   initially connected.
B)   stronger.
C)   weaker.
D)   close in proximity.

Question 7

In making judgments about category membership, participants

Accepted Answer

A)   base their judgments entirely on a stimulus's typicality.
B)   will not judge a stimulus to be in the category unless the stimulus resembles the category prototype.
C)   are often able to make a distinction between typicality and actual category membership.
D)   generally base their judgment on factors other than typicality.

Question 8

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

Accepted Answer

A)   If it grew on a lemon tree, it will be considered a lemon.
B)   The essential properties for being a lemon are still there.
C)   Cause-and-effect relationships influence how we think about what an object is and how it is categorized.
D)   Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization.

Question 9

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

Accepted Answer

A)   there is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family.
B)   there is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family.
C)   any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members.
D)   there are several features that all members of the family have in common.

Question 10

Compare and contrast the prototype and exemplar theories of categorization. How do they differ? How are they similar? Which one most accurately describes how categorization works?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the prototype and exemplar...

Question 11

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Accepted Answer

A)   a prototype to exemplar-based knowledge.
B)   exemplar-based knowledge to a definition.
C)   a definition to a prototype.
D)   exemplar-based knowledge to a prototype.

Question 12

The neuropsychological evidence (fMRI, patients with trauma)  suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)   exemplars are stored in a different part of the brain than prototypes.
B)   different patterns of activity are seen when thinking about dogs versus when thinking about cats.
C)   we can narrow down a specific "grandmother" cell in the brain that contains all your knowledge of your grandmother.
D)   categories of objects seem to be stored in similar neural areas (e.g., living things versus nonliving things)

Question 13

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Accepted Answer

A)   represents an average or ideal for the category's members.
B)   specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership.
C)   is located on the boundary of the category.
D)   lists the perceptual features that are found only in that category.

Question 14

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children to adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Accepted Answer

Categorization is the process of organizing and grouping objects, ideas, or experiences based on their similarities and differences. This cognitive process evolves and changes across one's lifetime, from childhood to adulthood.

In childhood, categorization is more concrete and based on perceptual features. Young children tend to categorize objects based on simple, observable characteristics such as color, shape, or size. For example, they may group all red objects together or all animals with four legs. This type of categorization is known as perceptual categorization and is essential for early cognitive development.

As individuals mature into adulthood, their thinking about categories becomes more abstract and flexible. Adults are able to categorize objects based on more complex and conceptual features, such as function, purpose, or context. They are also able to create and understand hierarchical categories, where categories can be nested within larger, more general categories. For example, an adult may categorize vehicles into subcategories such as cars, trucks, and motorcycles, which are all part of the larger category of transportation.

As we age, categorization also becomes more influenced by cultural and social factors. Adults are more likely to consider cultural norms and social conventions when categorizing objects or experiences. They may also use more sophisticated reasoning and logic when creating categories, taking into account multiple dimensions and perspectives.

Overall, categorization becomes more nuanced and flexible as we age, allowing for more complex and abstract thinking. This evolution in categorization reflects the broader cognitive development and maturation that occurs across the lifespan.

Question 15

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Accepted Answer

A)   no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance, it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon.
B)   it is behavior that matters for category identity, so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon.
C)   it is appearance that matters for category identity, so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon.
D)   it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity, so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another.

Question 16

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)   Psychologists will never understand categorization.
B)   Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone.
C)   Category membership is based on previously encountered examples.
D)   Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorization.

Question 17

In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a "better" even number, 4 or 18. The participants

Accepted Answer

A)   were unable to perform this absurd task.
B)   offered judgments that show that well-defined categories do not show the graded-membership pattern.
C)   regarded all of the even numbers as being "equivalently even."
D)   made the judgment in a fashion that implied a graded-membership pattern for the category "even number."

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Accepted Answer

A)   Julie is female.
B)   Julie bubblegum.
C)   Julie bikes.
D)   Julie barks.

Question 19

The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)   They provide a knowledge base on which we can rely when thinking about an object, event, or category.
B)   They play a large part in determining how easily and quickly we learn new concepts.
C)   They are often as precise and accurate as most scientific theories.
D)   They often allow us to understand any new facts that we encounter about an object or category.

Question 20

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance)  may be more appropriate. Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A)   Categorization is very often a matter of degree, not an all-or-none process.
B)   Categories constantly add new members.
C)   Similarity is often subjective.
D)   A rigid definition is unlikely to be accepted by everyone.

Exam 8: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to categorize efficiently. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

Correct Answer
verified

Judgments about which category members are typical

Correct Answer
verified

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

Correct Answer
verified

In Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence, "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see, "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory, we should expect

Correct Answer
verified
A

When compared to the question, "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for, "A cat is an animal" will be

Correct Answer
verified
B

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision) become

Correct Answer
verified

In making judgments about category membership, participants

Correct Answer
verified

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

Correct Answer
verified

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

Correct Answer
verified

Compare and contrast the prototype and exemplar theories of categorization. How do they differ? How are they similar? Which one most accurately describes how categorization works?

Correct Answer
verified

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Correct Answer
verified

The neuropsychological evidence (fMRI, patients with trauma) suggests that

Correct Answer
verified

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Correct Answer
verified

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children to adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Correct Answer
verified

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Correct Answer
verified

In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a "better" even number, 4 or 18. The participants

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Correct Answer
verified

The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Correct Answer
verified

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance) may be more appropriate. Why is this the case?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 8: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to categorize efficiently. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Judgments about which category members are typical

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence, "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see, "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory, we should expect

Correct AnswerverifiedA

When compared to the question, "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for, "A cat is an animal" will be

Correct AnswerverifiedB

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision) become

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In making judgments about category membership, participants

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare and contrast the prototype and exemplar theories of categorization. How do they differ? How are they similar? Which one most accurately describes how categorization works?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The neuropsychological evidence (fMRI, patients with trauma) suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children to adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a "better" even number, 4 or 18. The participants

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is NOT true about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It has been suggested that a rigid definition for a category is not possible and that resemblance (much like a family resemblance) may be more appropriate. Why is this the case?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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B

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